Since I wrote this originally, Docker on Windows has become a first-class supported tool, with a Windows Installer and well-documented installation processes from docker and from Microsoft.
Today, I actually install docker using boxstarter scripts where I can Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName containers -All
and then choco upgrade -y docker-desktop
as well as installing tooling for VS Code code --install-extension "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker"
.
I've left the rest of these notes here as a historical record, more than anything else. You should not expect the script below to work, but you certainly don