MockHTable

MockHTable.java

/**
 * This file is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the
 * License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 */

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.NavigableMap;
import java.util.NavigableSet;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.TreeMap;

import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HTableDescriptor;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Get;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.HTableInterface;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Increment;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ResultScanner;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Row;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.RowLock;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.Filter;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.Filter.ReturnCode;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;

/**
 * Mock implementation of HTableInterface. Holds any supplied data in a
 * multi-dimensional NavigableMap which acts as a in-memory database. Useful for
 * testing classes that operate on data using an HTableInterface.
 * <p>
 * Instances should be get using <code>MockHTable.create()</code>. So while a
 * DAO with a saving operation like
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class MyDAO {
 *   private HTableInterface table;
 *
 *   public MyDAO(HTableInterface table) {
 *     this.table = table;
 *   }
 *
 *   public void saveData(byte[] id, byte[] data) throws IOException{
 *     Put put = new Put(id)
 *     put.add(family, qualifier, data);
 *     table.put(put);
 *   }
 * }
 * </pre>
 * <p>
 * is used in production like
 *
 * <pre>
 * MyDAO(new HTable(conf, tableName)).saveData(id, data);
 * </pre>
 * <p>
 * can be tested like
 *
 * <pre>
 * &#064;Test
 * public void testSave() {
 *   MockHTable table = MockHTable.create();
 *   MyDAO(table).saveData(id, data);
 *   Get get = new Get(id);
 *   Result result = table.get(get);
 *   assertArrayEquals(data, result.getValue(family, qualifier));
 * }
 * </pre>
 * <p>
 * MockHTable instances can also be initialized with pre-loaded data using one
 * of the String[][] or Map<String, Map<String, String>> data formats. While
 * String[][] parameter lets directly loading data from source code, Map can be
 * generated from a YAML document, using a parser.
 *
 * <pre>
 * // String[][]
 * MockHTable table = MockHTable.with(new String[][] {
 *   { &quot;&lt;rowid&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;column&gt;&quot;, &quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot; },
 *   { &quot;id&quot;, &quot;family:qualifier1&quot;, &quot;data1&quot; },
 *   { &quot;id&quot;, &quot;family:qualifier2&quot;, &quot;data2&quot; }
 * });
 * // YAML
 * String database = "id:\n  family:qualifier1: data1\n  family:qualifier2: data2\n";
 * MockHTable table = MockHTable.with((Map<String, Map<String, String>) new Yaml().load(database));
 * </pre>
 * <p>
 * If value is not supposed to be a String, but an int, double or anything,
 * <code>MockHTable.toEString()</code> can be used to turn it into a String.
 *
 * <p>
 * In order to simplify assertions for tests that should put anything into
 * database, MockHTable.read() works with two parameters (id and column) and
 * returns anything written to that row/column. So, previous test can be reduced to
 *
 * <pre>
 * &#064;Test
 * public void testSave() {
 *   MockHTable table = MockHTable.create();
 *   MyDAO(table).saveData(id, data);
 *   assertArrayEquals(data, table.read(id, "family:qualifier"));
 * }
 * </pre>
 * <p>
 *
 * @author erdem
 *
 */
public class MockHTable implements HTableInterface {
  /**
   * This is all the data for a MockHTable instance
   */
  private NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>>> data = new TreeMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[],NavigableMap<byte[],NavigableMap<Long,byte[]>>>>(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);

  /**
   * Helper method to convert some data into a list of KeyValue's
   * 
   * @param row
   *          row value of the KeyValue's
   * @param rowdata
   *          data to decode
   * @param maxVersions
   *          number of versions to return
   * @return List of KeyValue's
   */
  private static List<KeyValue> toKeyValue(byte[] row, NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>> rowdata, int maxVersions){
    return toKeyValue(row, rowdata, 0, Long.MAX_VALUE, maxVersions);
  }

  /**
   * Helper method to convert some data into a list of KeyValue's with timestamp
   * constraint
   * 
   * @param row
   *          row value of the KeyValue's
   * @param rowdata
   *          data to decode
   * @param timestampStart
   *          start of the timestamp constraint
   * @param timestampEnd
   *          end of the timestamp constraint
   * @param maxVersions
   *          number of versions to return
   * @return List of KeyValue's
   */
  private static List<KeyValue> toKeyValue(byte[] row, NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>> rowdata, long timestampStart, long timestampEnd, int maxVersions){
    List<KeyValue> ret = new ArrayList<KeyValue>();
    for (byte[] family : rowdata.keySet())
      for (byte[] qualifier : rowdata.get(family).keySet()) {
        int versionsAdded = 0;
        for (Entry<Long, byte[]> tsToVal : rowdata.get(family).get(qualifier).descendingMap().entrySet()){
          if (versionsAdded++ == maxVersions)
            break;
          Long timestamp = tsToVal.getKey();
          if (timestamp < timestampStart)
            continue;
          if (timestamp > timestampEnd)
            continue;
          byte[] value = tsToVal.getValue();
          ret.add(new KeyValue(row, family, qualifier, timestamp, value));
        }
      }
    return ret;
  }

  /**
   * Clients should not rely on table names so this returns null.
   * @return null
   */
  @Override
  public byte[] getTableName() { return null; }

  /**
   * No configuration needed to work so this returns null.
   * @return null
   */
  @Override
  public Configuration getConfiguration() { return null; }

  /**
   * No table descriptor needed so this returns null.
   * @return null
   */
  @Override
  public HTableDescriptor getTableDescriptor() { return null; }

  @Override
  public boolean exists(Get get) throws IOException {
    if(get.getFamilyMap() == null || get.getFamilyMap().size() == 0) {
      return data.containsKey(get.getRow());
    } else {
      byte[] row = get.getRow();
      if(!data.containsKey(row)) {
        return false;
      }
      for(byte[] family : get.getFamilyMap().keySet()) {
        if(!data.get(row).containsKey(family)) {
          return false;
        } else {
          for(byte[] qualifier : get.getFamilyMap().get(family)) {
            if(!data.get(row).get(family).containsKey(qualifier)) {
              return false;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      return true;
    }
  }

  @Override
  public Result get(Get get) throws IOException {
    if (!data.containsKey(get.getRow()))
      return new Result();
    byte[] row = get.getRow();
    List<KeyValue> kvs = new ArrayList<KeyValue>();
    if (!get.hasFamilies()) {
      kvs = toKeyValue(row, data.get(row), get.getMaxVersions());
    } else {
      for (byte[] family : get.getFamilyMap().keySet()){
        if (data.get(row).get(family) == null)
          continue;
        NavigableSet<byte[]> qualifiers = get.getFamilyMap().get(family);
        if (qualifiers == null || qualifiers.isEmpty())
          qualifiers = data.get(row).get(family).navigableKeySet();
        for (byte[] qualifier : qualifiers){
          if (qualifier == null)
            qualifier = "".getBytes();
          if (!data.get(row).containsKey(family) ||
              !data.get(row).get(family).containsKey(qualifier) ||
              data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier).isEmpty())
            continue;
          Entry<Long, byte[]> timestampAndValue = data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier).lastEntry();
          kvs.add(new KeyValue(row,family, qualifier, timestampAndValue.getKey(), timestampAndValue.getValue()));
        }
      }
    }
    Filter filter = get.getFilter();
    if (filter != null) {
      filter.reset();
      List<KeyValue> nkvs = new ArrayList<KeyValue>(kvs.size());
      for (KeyValue kv : kvs) {
        if (filter.filterAllRemaining()) {
          break;
        }
        if (filter.filterRowKey(kv.getBuffer(), kv.getRowOffset(), kv.getRowLength())) {
          continue;
        }
        if (filter.filterKeyValue(kv) == ReturnCode.INCLUDE) {
          nkvs.add(kv);
        }
        // ignoring next key hint which is a optimization to reduce file system IO
      }
      if (filter.hasFilterRow()) {
        filter.filterRow(nkvs);
      }
      kvs = nkvs;
    }

    return new Result(kvs);
  }

  @Override
  public Result getRowOrBefore(byte[] row, byte[] family) throws IOException {
    // FIXME: implement
    return null;
  }

  @Override
  public ResultScanner getScanner(Scan scan) throws IOException {
    final List<Result> ret = new ArrayList<Result>();
    byte[] st = scan.getStartRow();
    byte[] sp = scan.getStopRow();
    Filter filter = scan.getFilter();

    for (byte[] row : data.keySet()){
      // if row is equal to startRow emit it. When startRow (inclusive) and
      // stopRow (exclusive) is the same, it should not be excluded which would
      // happen w/o this control.
      if (st != null && st.length > 0 &&
          Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR.compare(st, row) != 0) {
        // if row is before startRow do not emit, pass to next row
        if (st != null && st.length > 0 &&
            Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR.compare(st, row) > 0)
        continue;
      // if row is equal to stopRow or after it do not emit, stop iteration
        if (sp != null && sp.length > 0 &&
            Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR.compare(sp, row) <= 0)
        break;
      }

      List<KeyValue> kvs = null;
      if (!scan.hasFamilies()) {
        kvs = toKeyValue(row, data.get(row), scan.getTimeRange().getMin(), scan.getTimeRange().getMax(), scan.getMaxVersions());
      } else {
        kvs = new ArrayList<KeyValue>();
        for (byte[] family : scan.getFamilyMap().keySet()){
          if (data.get(row).get(family) == null)
            continue;
          NavigableSet<byte[]> qualifiers = scan.getFamilyMap().get(family);
          if (qualifiers == null || qualifiers.isEmpty())
            qualifiers = data.get(row).get(family).navigableKeySet();
          for (byte[] qualifier : qualifiers){
            if (data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier) == null)
              continue;
            for (Long timestamp : data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier).descendingKeySet()){
              if (timestamp < scan.getTimeRange().getMin())
                continue;
              if (timestamp > scan.getTimeRange().getMax())
                continue;
              byte[] value = data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier).get(timestamp);
              kvs.add(new KeyValue(row, family, qualifier, timestamp, value));
              if(kvs.size() == scan.getMaxVersions()) {
                break;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (filter != null) {
        filter.reset();
        List<KeyValue> nkvs = new ArrayList<KeyValue>(kvs.size());
        for (KeyValue kv : kvs) {
          if (filter.filterAllRemaining()) {
            break;
          }
          if (filter.filterRowKey(kv.getBuffer(), kv.getRowOffset(), kv.getRowLength())) {
            continue;
          }
          ReturnCode filterResult = filter.filterKeyValue(kv);
          if (filterResult == ReturnCode.INCLUDE) {
            nkvs.add(kv);
          } else if (filterResult == ReturnCode.NEXT_ROW) {
            break;
          }
          // ignoring next key hint which is a optimization to reduce file system IO
        }
        if (filter.hasFilterRow()) {
          filter.filterRow(nkvs);
        }
        kvs = nkvs;
      }
      if (!kvs.isEmpty()) {
        ret.add(new Result(kvs));
      }
    }

    return new ResultScanner() {
      private final Iterator<Result> iterator = ret.iterator();
      public Iterator<Result> iterator() {
        return iterator;
      }
      public Result[] next(int nbRows) throws IOException {
        ArrayList<Result> resultSets = new ArrayList<Result>(nbRows);
        for(int i = 0; i < nbRows; i++) {
          Result next = next();
          if (next != null) {
            resultSets.add(next);
          } else {
            break;
          }
        }
        return resultSets.toArray(new Result[resultSets.size()]);
      }
      public Result next() throws IOException {
        try {
          return iterator().next();
        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
          return null;
        }
      }
      public void close() {}
    };
  }

  @Override
  public ResultScanner getScanner(byte[] family) throws IOException {
    Scan scan = new Scan();
    scan.addFamily(family);
    return getScanner(scan);
  }

  @Override
  public ResultScanner getScanner(byte[] family, byte[] qualifier)
      throws IOException {
    Scan scan = new Scan();
    scan.addColumn(family, qualifier);
    return getScanner(scan);
  }

  @Override
  public void put(Put put) throws IOException {
    byte[] row = put.getRow();
    NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>> rowData = forceFind(data, row, new TreeMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>>(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR));
    for (byte[] family : put.getFamilyMap().keySet()){
      NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>> familyData = forceFind(rowData, family, new TreeMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR));
      for (KeyValue kv : put.getFamilyMap().get(family)){
        kv.updateLatestStamp(Bytes.toBytes(System.currentTimeMillis()));
        byte[] qualifier = kv.getQualifier();
        NavigableMap<Long, byte[]> qualifierData = forceFind(familyData, qualifier, new TreeMap<Long, byte[]>());
        qualifierData.put(kv.getTimestamp(), kv.getValue());
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Helper method to find a key in a map. If key is not found, newObject is
   * added to map and returned
   *
   * @param map
   *          map to extract value from
   * @param key
   *          key to look for
   * @param newObject
   *          set key to this if not found
   * @return found value or newObject if not found
   */
  private <K, V> V forceFind(NavigableMap<K, V> map, K key, V newObject){
    V data = map.get(key);
    if (data == null){
      data = newObject;
      map.put(key, data);
    }
    return data;
  }

  @Override
  public void put(List<Put> puts) throws IOException {
    for (Put put : puts)
      put(put);
  }

  /**
   * Checks if the value with given details exists in database, or is
   * non-existent in the case of value being null
   *
   * @param row
   *          row
   * @param family
   *          family
   * @param qualifier
   *          qualifier
   * @param value
   *          value
   * @return true if value is not null and exists in db, or value is null and
   *         not exists in db, false otherwise
   */
  private boolean check(byte[] row, byte[] family, byte[] qualifier, byte[] value){
    if (value == null || value.length == 0)
      return ! data.containsKey(row) ||
              ! data.get(row).containsKey(family) ||
              ! data.get(row).get(family).containsKey(qualifier);
    else
      return data.containsKey(row) &&
             data.get(row).containsKey(family) &&
             data.get(row).get(family).containsKey(qualifier) &&
             ! data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier).isEmpty() &&
             Arrays.equals(data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier).lastEntry().getValue(), value);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean checkAndPut(byte[] row, byte[] family, byte[] qualifier,
      byte[] value, Put put) throws IOException {
    if (check(row, family, qualifier, value)){
      put(put);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public void delete(Delete delete) throws IOException {
    byte[] row = delete.getRow();
    if (data.get(row) == null)
      return;
    if (delete.getFamilyMap().size() == 0){
      data.remove(row);
      return;
    }
    for (byte[] family : delete.getFamilyMap().keySet()){
      if (data.get(row).get(family) == null)
        continue;
      if (delete.getFamilyMap().get(family).isEmpty()){
        data.get(row).remove(family);
        continue;
      }
      for (KeyValue kv : delete.getFamilyMap().get(family)){
        data.get(row).get(kv.getFamily()).remove(kv.getQualifier());
      }
      if(data.get(row).get(family).isEmpty()) {
        data.get(row).remove(family);
      }
    }
    if(data.get(row).isEmpty()) {
      data.remove(row);
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void delete(List<Delete> deletes) throws IOException {
    for (Delete delete : deletes)
      delete(delete);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean checkAndDelete(byte[] row, byte[] family, byte[] qualifier,
      byte[] value, Delete delete) throws IOException {
    if(check(row, family, qualifier, value)){
      delete(delete);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public long incrementColumnValue(byte[] row, byte[] family,
      byte[] qualifier, long amount) throws IOException {
    return incrementColumnValue(row, family, qualifier, amount, true);
  }

  @Override
  public long incrementColumnValue(byte[] row, byte[] family,
      byte[] qualifier, long amount, boolean writeToWAL) throws IOException {
    if (check(row, family, qualifier, null)){
      Put put = new Put(row);
      put.add(family, qualifier, Bytes.toBytes(amount));
      put(put);
      return amount;
    }
    long newValue = Bytes.toLong(data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier).lastEntry().getValue())+amount;
    data.get(row).get(family).get(qualifier).put(System.currentTimeMillis(),
        Bytes.toBytes(newValue));
    return newValue;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean isAutoFlush() {
    return true;
  }

  @Override
  public void flushCommits() throws IOException {
  }

  @Override
  public void close() throws IOException {
  }

  @Override
  public RowLock lockRow(byte[] row) throws IOException {
    return null;
  }

  @Override
  public void unlockRow(RowLock rl) throws IOException {
  }

  @Override
  public Object[] batch(List<Row> actions)
      throws IOException,
      InterruptedException {
    List<Result> results = new ArrayList<Result>();
    for (Row r : actions) {
      if (r instanceof Delete) {
        delete((Delete) r);
        continue;
      }
      if (r instanceof Put) {
        put((Put) r);
        continue;
      }
      if (r instanceof Get) {
        results.add(get((Get) r));
      }
    }
    return results.toArray();
  }

  @Override
  public void batch(List<Row> actions, Object[] results)
      throws IOException,
      InterruptedException {
    results = batch(actions);
  }

  @Override
  public Result[] get(List<Get> gets) throws IOException {
    List<Result> results = new ArrayList<Result>();
    for (Get g : gets) {
      results.add(get(g));
    }
    return results.toArray(new Result[results.size()]);
  }

  @Override
  public Result increment(Increment increment) throws IOException {
    List<KeyValue> kvs = new ArrayList<KeyValue>();
    Map<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], Long>> famToVal = increment.getFamilyMap();
    for (Entry<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], Long>> ef : famToVal.entrySet()) {
      byte[] family = ef.getKey();
      NavigableMap<byte[], Long> qToVal = ef.getValue();
      for (Entry<byte[], Long> eq : qToVal.entrySet()) {
        incrementColumnValue(increment.getRow(), family, eq.getKey(), eq.getValue());
        kvs.add(new KeyValue(increment.getRow(), family, eq.getKey(), Bytes.toBytes(eq.getValue())));
      }
    }
    return new Result(kvs);
  }

  private MockHTable(){}

  /**
   * Default way of constructing a MockHTable
   * @return a new MockHTable
   */
  public static MockHTable create(){
    return new MockHTable();
  }

  /**
   * Create a MockHTable with some pre-loaded data. Parameter should be a map of
   * column-to-data mappings of rows. It can be created with a YAML like
   *
   * <pre>
   * rowid:
   *   family1:qualifier1: value1
   *   family2:qualifier2: value2
   * </pre>
   *
   * @param dump
   *          pre-loaded data
   * @return a new MockHTable loaded with given data
   */
  public static MockHTable with(Map<String, Map<String, String>> dump){
    MockHTable ret = new MockHTable();
    for (String row : dump.keySet()){
      for (String column : dump.get(row).keySet()){
        String val = dump.get(row).get(column);
        put(ret, row, column, val);
      }
    }
    return ret;
  }

  /**
   * Helper method of pre-loaders, adds parameters to data.
   *
   * @param ret
   *          data to load into
   * @param row
   *          rowid
   * @param column
   *          family:qualifier encoded value
   * @param val
   *          value
   */
  private static void put(MockHTable ret, String row, String column,
      String val) {
    String[] fq = split(column);
    byte[] family = Bytes.toBytesBinary(fq[0]);
    byte[] qualifier = Bytes.toBytesBinary(fq[1]);
    NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>> families = ret.forceFind(ret.data, Bytes.toBytesBinary(row), new TreeMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>>(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR));
    NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>> qualifiers = ret.forceFind(families, family, new TreeMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR));
    NavigableMap<Long, byte[]> values = ret.forceFind(qualifiers, qualifier, new TreeMap<Long, byte[]>());
    values.put(System.currentTimeMillis(), Bytes.toBytesBinary(val));
  }

  /**
   * Create a MockHTable with some pre-loaded data. Parameter should be an array
   * of string arrays which define every column value individually.
   *
   * <pre>
   * new String[][] {
   *   { "&lt;rowid&gt;", "&lt;column&gt;", "&lt;value&gt;" },
   *   { "id", "family:qualifier1", "data1" },
   *   { "id", "family:qualifier2", "data2" }
   * });
   * </pre>
   *
   * @param dump
   * @return
   */
  public static MockHTable with(String[][] dump){
    MockHTable ret = new MockHTable();
    for(String[] row : dump){
      put(ret, row[0], row[1], row[2]);
    }
    return ret;
  }

  /**
   * Column identification helper
   *
   * @param column
   *          column name in the format family:qualifier
   * @return <code>{"family", "qualifier"}</code>
   */
  private static String[] split(String column){
    return new String[]{
        column.substring(0, column.indexOf(':')),
        column.substring(column.indexOf(':')+1)};
  }

  /**
   * Read a value saved in the object. Useful for making assertions in tests.
   *
   * @param rowid
   *          rowid of the data to read
   * @param column
   *          family:qualifier of the data to read
   * @return value or null if row or column of the row does not exist
   */
  public byte[] read(String rowid, String column){
    NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<byte[], NavigableMap<Long, byte[]>>> row = data.get(Bytes.toBytesBinary(rowid));
    if (row == null)
      return null;
    String[] fq = split(column);
    byte[] family = Bytes.toBytesBinary(fq[0]);
    byte[] qualifier = Bytes.toBytesBinary(fq[1]);
    if (!row.containsKey(family))
      return null;
    if (!row.get(family).containsKey(qualifier))
      return null;
    return row.get(family).get(qualifier).lastEntry().getValue();
  }

  public static String toEString(boolean val){
    return Bytes.toStringBinary(Bytes.toBytes(val));
  }
  public static String toEString(double val){
    return Bytes.toStringBinary(Bytes.toBytes(val));
  }
  public static String toEString(float val){
    return Bytes.toStringBinary(Bytes.toBytes(val));
  }
  public static String toEString(int val){
    return Bytes.toStringBinary(Bytes.toBytes(val));
  }
  public static String toEString(long val){
    return Bytes.toStringBinary(Bytes.toBytes(val));
  }
  public static String toEString(short val){
    return Bytes.toStringBinary(Bytes.toBytes(val));
  }
}