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May 12, 2025 14:52
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| 8. Application Layer: Smart Contracts | |
| 7. Incentive Layer: Transaction Fees and Economic Rewards | |
| 6. Execution Layer: Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) | |
| 5. Consensus Layer: Proof of Work / Proof of Stake | |
| 4. Data Layer: Immutable Ledger (Blockchain) | |
| 3. Node Layer: Full Nodes, Light Clients, Archive Nodes | |
| 2. Network Layer: Peer-to-Peer Communication (P2P) | |
| 1. Physical Layer: Hardware Infrastructure (e.g., Optical Fiber, Servers) |
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