ustropo

class DogMeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):
        print(f">> DogMeta __new__: {name}")
        print(f">> DogMeta __new__: {bases}")
        print(f">> DogMeta __new__: {dct}")
        x = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)
        x.race = "Dog"
        return x

ustropo

def bark(self):
    print("Wooof! " + self.name)

def walk(self):
    print("Hey! I'm walking!")

def init(self, name):
    self.name = name

Dog = type("Dog", (object,), {"bark": bark, "walk": walk, "init": init})

ustropo

class Dog(object):
    def init(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def bark(self):
        print("Wooof! " + self.name)

    def walk(self):
        print("Hey! I'm walking!")

ustropo

>>> x = 10
>>> a = 'some string'
>>> class V:
...   pass
... 
>>> type(x)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
>>> type(V)

ustropo

>>> class V:
...   pass
... 
>>> dir(V)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', 
'__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', 
'__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', 
'__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', 
'__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
>>> V.__name__

ustropo

>>> def add_one(x):
...   return x + 1
... 
>>> dir(add_one)
['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__call__', '__class__', '__closure__', '__code__', 
'__defaults__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', 
'__ge__', '__get__', '__getattribute__', '__globals__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', 
'__init_subclass__', '__kwdefaults__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__name__', '__ne__', 
'__new__', '__qualname__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', 
'__str__', '__subclasshook__']

ustropo

>>> a = 10
>>> a.__class__
<class 'int'>
>>> a.real
10  
>>> a.imag  
0   
>>> dir(a)
['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__bool__', '__ceil__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__float__', '__floor__', '__floordiv__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__index__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__le__', '__lshift__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdivmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__round__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__truediv__', '__trunc__', '__xor__', 'as_integer_ratio', 'bit_count', 'bit_length', 'conjugate', 'denominator', 'from_bytes', 'imag', 'numerator', 'real', 'to_bytes']

ustropo

class MyClass:

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return 'My Class Repr'

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return 'My Super Class'

    def __format__(self, __format_spec: str) -> str:
        return 'My Formatted Class'

ustropo

data = {'age': 10, 'name': 'John'}
arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(f"The 1st element is {arr[0]}")
## 'The 1st element is 0'
print(f"Hi, {data['name']}! You'll be 18 in {18 - data['age']:02d} years")
## 'Hi, John! You'll be 18 in 08 years'

ustropo

data = {'age': 10, 'name': 'John'}
arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(f"The 1st element is {arr[0]}")
## 'The 1st element is 0'
print(f"Hi, {data['name']}! You'll be 18 in {18 - data['age']:02d} years")
## 'Hi, John! You'll be 18 in 08 years'