Impromptu delivery
a delivery style in which a speaker delivers a speech with little or no planning or preparation.
Manuscript delivery
a delivery style in which a speaker writes the speech in its entirety and then reads it word for word.
Memorized delivery
a delivery style in which a speaker memorizes a speech in its entirety from a word-for-word script.
Extemporaneous delivery
a delivery style in which the speaker carefully prepares the speech in advance but delivers it using only a few notes and with a high degree of spontaneity.
Vocal quality
the overall impression a speaker’s voice makes on his or her listeners.
Intelligibility
speaker's vocal volume, distinctiveness of sound, clarity of pronunciation, articulation, and stress placed on syllables, words, and phrases.
Vocal variety
variations in rate, force, and pitch
Rate
speech at which a speaker speaks, normally between 120 and 175 words per minute.
Force
the intensity and volume level of the voice.
Pitch
how low or high the voice is on a tonal scale.
Gesture
a movement of the head, arms, or hands, that helps to illustrate, emphasize, or clarify and idea.
Eye contact
the extent to which speaker looks directly at audience members.
Presentational aids
materials and equipment, such as diagrams, models, real objects, photographs, tables, charts, and graphs, that speakers may use to enhance the speech’s content as well as their delivery.
Persuasion
a communication process, involving both verbal and non-verbal messages, that attempts to reinforce or change listeners' attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior.
Adoption
an action subgoal that asks listeners to demonstrate their acceptance of attitudes, beliefs, or values by performing the behavior suggested by the speaker
Discontinuance
an action subgoal that asks listeners to demonstrate their alteration of an attitude, belief, or value by stopping certain behaviors.
Deterrence
an action subgaol that asks listeners to demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value by avoiding certain behaviors.
Continuance
an action subgaol that asks listeners to demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value by continuing to perform the behavior suggested by the speaker.
Question of fact
a question that asks what is true and what is false.
Question of value
a question that asks whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable.
Question of policy
a question that asks what actions should be taken.
Ethos
one of Aristotle’s modes of proof for a speaker. Ethos refers to the speaker's character as perceived by the listeners.
Logos
the substance of the speech or the logical appeals the speaker makes.
Pathos
the speaker's evoking of appropriate emotion from the listeners.
Trustworthiness
the audience's perception of a speaker's reliability and dependability.
Oral footnote
providing within the speech the source that particular information comes from, such as, "According to Newsweek magazine of July 24, 2009..."
Charisma
the appeal or attractiveness that the audience perceives in the speaker, contributing to the speaker's credibility.
Problem-solution pattern
order of presentation that first discusses a problem and then suggests solutions.
Cause-effect pattern
an order of presentation in which the speaker first explains the causes of an event, problem, or issue and then discusses its consequences.
Monroe's motivated sequence
a pattern of organization specifically developed for persuasive speaking that combines logic and practical psychology. Five steps are involved: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
Appeal to needs
an attempt to move people to action by calling on their physical and psychological requirements and desires.
Logical appeal
an attempt to move people to acion through the ise of evidence and proof.
Deductive reasoning
a sequence of thought that moves from general information to a specific conclusion; it consists of a general premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
Inductive reasoning
a sequence of thought that moves from specific facts to a general conclusion.
Causal resoning
a sequence of thought that links causes with effects it either implies or explicitly states the word because.
Reasoning by analogy
a sequence of thought that compares similar things or circumstances to draw a conclusion.
Emotional appeal
an attempt to move people to action by playing on their feelings.
Fallacy
an argument that is flawed because it does not follow the rules of logic.
Questionable cause
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker alleges something that does not relate to or produce the outcome claimed in the argument.
Ad Hominem
a fallacy that attacks a person rather than the argument itself. This is also referred to as name-calling.
Red herring
a fallacy that uses irrelevant information to divert attention away from the real issue.
Hasty generalization
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker does not have sufficient data and therefore argues or reasons from a specific example.
Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy
a fallacy of reasoning where one attributes something as a cause simply because it followed (came after) another incident.
Either-or reasoning
a fallacy of reasoning where only two options exist: There is a black or white, right or wrong, but nothing in between.