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| GIT(1) Git Manual GIT(1) | |
| NNAAMMEE | |
| git - the stupid content tracker | |
| SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS | |
| _g_i_t [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] | |
| [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] | |
| [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] | |
| [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] | |
| [--super-prefix=<path>] | |
| <command> [<args>] | |
| DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN | |
| Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an | |
| unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and | |
| full access to internals. | |
| See ggiittttuuttoorriiaall(7) to get started, then see ggiitteevveerryyddaayy(7) for a useful | |
| minimum set of commands. The GGiitt UUsseerr''ss MMaannuuaall[1] has a more in-depth | |
| introduction. | |
| After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this page | |
| to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about individual | |
| Git commands with "git help command". ggiittccllii(7) manual page gives you | |
| an overview of the command-line command syntax. | |
| A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation can be | |
| viewed at hhttttppss::////ggiitt..ggiitthhuubb..iioo//hhttmmllddooccss//ggiitt..hhttmmll. | |
| OOPPTTIIOONNSS | |
| --version | |
| Prints the Git suite version that the _g_i_t program came from. | |
| --help | |
| Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used commands. | |
| If the option ----aallll or --aa is given then all available commands are | |
| printed. If a Git command is named this option will bring up the | |
| manual page for that command. | |
| Other options are available to control how the manual page is | |
| displayed. See ggiitt--hheellpp(1) for more information, because ggiitt ----hheellpp | |
| ...... is converted internally into ggiitt hheellpp ....... | |
| -C <path> | |
| Run as if git was started in _<_p_a_t_h_> instead of the current working | |
| directory. When multiple --CC options are given, each subsequent | |
| non-absolute --CC <<ppaatthh>> is interpreted relative to the preceding --CC | |
| <<ppaatthh>>. | |
| This option affects options that expect path name like ----ggiitt--ddiirr | |
| and ----wwoorrkk--ttrreeee in that their interpretations of the path names | |
| would be made relative to the working directory caused by the --CC | |
| option. For example the following invocations are equivalent: | |
| git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status | |
| git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status | |
| -c <name>=<value> | |
| Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value given will | |
| override values from configuration files. The <name> is expected in | |
| the same format as listed by _g_i_t _c_o_n_f_i_g (subkeys separated by | |
| dots). | |
| Note that omitting the == in ggiitt --cc ffoooo..bbaarr ...... is allowed and sets | |
| ffoooo..bbaarr to the boolean true value (just like [[ffoooo]]bbaarr would in a | |
| config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like | |
| ggiitt --cc ffoooo..bbaarr== ......) sets ffoooo..bbaarr to the empty string. | |
| --exec-path[=<path>] | |
| Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. This can | |
| also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH environment | |
| variable. If no path is given, _g_i_t will print the current setting | |
| and then exit. | |
| --html-path | |
| Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML | |
| documentation is installed and exit. | |
| --man-path | |
| Print the manpath (see mmaann((11))) for the man pages for this version | |
| of Git and exit. | |
| --info-path | |
| Print the path where the Info files documenting this version of Git | |
| are installed and exit. | |
| -p, --paginate | |
| Pipe all output into _l_e_s_s (or if set, $PAGER) if standard output is | |
| a terminal. This overrides the ppaaggeerr..<<ccmmdd>> configuration options | |
| (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section below). | |
| --no-pager | |
| Do not pipe Git output into a pager. | |
| --git-dir=<path> | |
| Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by | |
| setting the GGIITT__DDIIRR environment variable. It can be an absolute | |
| path or relative path to current working directory. | |
| --work-tree=<path> | |
| Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path or a | |
| path relative to the current working directory. This can also be | |
| controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable and | |
| the core.worktree configuration variable (see core.worktree in ggiitt-- | |
| ccoonnffiigg(1) for a more detailed discussion). | |
| --namespace=<path> | |
| Set the Git namespace. See ggiittnnaammeessppaacceess(7) for more details. | |
| Equivalent to setting the GGIITT__NNAAMMEESSPPAACCEE environment variable. | |
| --super-prefix=<path> | |
| Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path | |
| from above a repository down to its root. One use is to give | |
| submodules context about the superproject that invoked it. | |
| --bare | |
| Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment | |
| is not set, it is set to the current working directory. | |
| --no-replace-objects | |
| Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See ggiitt-- | |
| rreeppllaaccee(1) for more information. | |
| --literal-pathspecs | |
| Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). | |
| This is equivalent to setting the GGIITT__LLIITTEERRAALL__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS environment | |
| variable to 11. | |
| --glob-pathspecs | |
| Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the | |
| GGIITT__GGLLOOBB__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS environment variable to 11. Disabling globbing on | |
| individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec magic ":(literal)" | |
| --noglob-pathspecs | |
| Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting | |
| the GGIITT__NNOOGGLLOOBB__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS environment variable to 11. Enabling | |
| globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec magic | |
| ":(glob)" | |
| --icase-pathspecs | |
| Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting | |
| the GGIITT__IICCAASSEE__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS environment variable to 11. | |
| GGIITT CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS | |
| We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level | |
| ("plumbing") commands. | |
| HHIIGGHH--LLEEVVEELL CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ((PPOORRCCEELLAAIINN)) | |
| We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some | |
| ancillary user utilities. | |
| MMaaiinn ppoorrcceellaaiinn ccoommmmaannddss | |
| ggiitt--aadddd(1) | |
| Add file contents to the index. | |
| ggiitt--aamm(1) | |
| Apply a series of patches from a mailbox. | |
| ggiitt--aarrcchhiivvee(1) | |
| Create an archive of files from a named tree. | |
| ggiitt--bbiisseecctt(1) | |
| Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug. | |
| ggiitt--bbrraanncchh(1) | |
| List, create, or delete branches. | |
| ggiitt--bbuunnddllee(1) | |
| Move objects and refs by archive. | |
| ggiitt--cchheecckkoouutt(1) | |
| Switch branches or restore working tree files. | |
| ggiitt--cchheerrrryy--ppiicckk(1) | |
| Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits. | |
| ggiitt--cciittooooll(1) | |
| Graphical alternative to git-commit. | |
| ggiitt--cclleeaann(1) | |
| Remove untracked files from the working tree. | |
| ggiitt--cclloonnee(1) | |
| Clone a repository into a new directory. | |
| ggiitt--ccoommmmiitt(1) | |
| Record changes to the repository. | |
| ggiitt--ddeessccrriibbee(1) | |
| Describe a commit using the most recent tag reachable from it. | |
| ggiitt--ddiiffff(1) | |
| Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc. | |
| ggiitt--ffeettcchh(1) | |
| Download objects and refs from another repository. | |
| ggiitt--ffoorrmmaatt--ppaattcchh(1) | |
| Prepare patches for e-mail submission. | |
| ggiitt--ggcc(1) | |
| Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository. | |
| ggiitt--ggrreepp(1) | |
| Print lines matching a pattern. | |
| ggiitt--gguuii(1) | |
| A portable graphical interface to Git. | |
| ggiitt--iinniitt(1) | |
| Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one. | |
| ggiitt--lloogg(1) | |
| Show commit logs. | |
| ggiitt--mmeerrggee(1) | |
| Join two or more development histories together. | |
| ggiitt--mmvv(1) | |
| Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink. | |
| ggiitt--nnootteess(1) | |
| Add or inspect object notes. | |
| ggiitt--ppuullll(1) | |
| Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch. | |
| ggiitt--ppuusshh(1) | |
| Update remote refs along with associated objects. | |
| ggiitt--rreebbaassee(1) | |
| Reapply commits on top of another base tip. | |
| ggiitt--rreesseett(1) | |
| Reset current HEAD to the specified state. | |
| ggiitt--rreevveerrtt(1) | |
| Revert some existing commits. | |
| ggiitt--rrmm(1) | |
| Remove files from the working tree and from the index. | |
| ggiitt--sshhoorrttlloogg(1) | |
| Summarize _g_i_t _l_o_g output. | |
| ggiitt--sshhooww(1) | |
| Show various types of objects. | |
| ggiitt--ssttaasshh(1) | |
| Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away. | |
| ggiitt--ssttaattuuss(1) | |
| Show the working tree status. | |
| ggiitt--ssuubbmmoodduullee(1) | |
| Initialize, update or inspect submodules. | |
| ggiitt--ttaagg(1) | |
| Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG. | |
| ggiitt--wwoorrkkttrreeee(1) | |
| Manage multiple working trees. | |
| ggiittkk(1) | |
| The Git repository browser. | |
| AAnncciillllaarryy CCoommmmaannddss | |
| Manipulators: | |
| ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1) | |
| Get and set repository or global options. | |
| ggiitt--ffaasstt--eexxppoorrtt(1) | |
| Git data exporter. | |
| ggiitt--ffaasstt--iimmppoorrtt(1) | |
| Backend for fast Git data importers. | |
| ggiitt--ffiilltteerr--bbrraanncchh(1) | |
| Rewrite branches. | |
| ggiitt--mmeerrggeettooooll(1) | |
| Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts. | |
| ggiitt--ppaacckk--rreeffss(1) | |
| Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access. | |
| ggiitt--pprruunnee(1) | |
| Prune all unreachable objects from the object database. | |
| ggiitt--rreefflloogg(1) | |
| Manage reflog information. | |
| ggiitt--rreelliinnkk(1) | |
| Hardlink common objects in local repositories. | |
| ggiitt--rreemmoottee(1) | |
| Manage set of tracked repositories. | |
| ggiitt--rreeppaacckk(1) | |
| Pack unpacked objects in a repository. | |
| ggiitt--rreeppllaaccee(1) | |
| Create, list, delete refs to replace objects. | |
| Interrogators: | |
| ggiitt--aannnnoottaattee(1) | |
| Annotate file lines with commit information. | |
| ggiitt--bbllaammee(1) | |
| Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. | |
| ggiitt--cchheerrrryy(1) | |
| Find commits yet to be applied to upstream. | |
| ggiitt--ccoouunntt--oobbjjeeccttss(1) | |
| Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption. | |
| ggiitt--ddiiffffttooooll(1) | |
| Show changes using common diff tools. | |
| ggiitt--ffsscckk(1) | |
| Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the | |
| database. | |
| ggiitt--ggeett--ttaarr--ccoommmmiitt--iidd(1) | |
| Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive. | |
| ggiitt--hheellpp(1) | |
| Display help information about Git. | |
| ggiitt--iinnssttaawweebb(1) | |
| Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb. | |
| ggiitt--mmeerrggee--ttrreeee(1) | |
| Show three-way merge without touching index. | |
| ggiitt--rreerreerree(1) | |
| Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges. | |
| ggiitt--rreevv--ppaarrssee(1) | |
| Pick out and massage parameters. | |
| ggiitt--sshhooww--bbrraanncchh(1) | |
| Show branches and their commits. | |
| ggiitt--vveerriiffyy--ccoommmmiitt(1) | |
| Check the GPG signature of commits. | |
| ggiitt--vveerriiffyy--ttaagg(1) | |
| Check the GPG signature of tags. | |
| ggiitt--wwhhaattcchhaannggeedd(1) | |
| Show logs with difference each commit introduces. | |
| ggiittwweebb(1) | |
| Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories). | |
| IInntteerraaccttiinngg wwiitthh OOtthheerrss | |
| These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other people | |
| via patch over e-mail. | |
| ggiitt--aarrcchhiimmppoorrtt(1) | |
| Import an Arch repository into Git. | |
| ggiitt--ccvvsseexxppoorrttccoommmmiitt(1) | |
| Export a single commit to a CVS checkout. | |
| ggiitt--ccvvssiimmppoorrtt(1) | |
| Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate. | |
| ggiitt--ccvvsssseerrvveerr(1) | |
| A CVS server emulator for Git. | |
| ggiitt--iimmaapp--sseenndd(1) | |
| Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder. | |
| ggiitt--pp44(1) | |
| Import from and submit to Perforce repositories. | |
| ggiitt--qquuiillttiimmppoorrtt(1) | |
| Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch. | |
| ggiitt--rreeqquueesstt--ppuullll(1) | |
| Generates a summary of pending changes. | |
| ggiitt--sseenndd--eemmaaiill(1) | |
| Send a collection of patches as emails. | |
| ggiitt--ssvvnn(1) | |
| Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git. | |
| LLOOWW--LLEEVVEELL CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ((PPLLUUMMBBIINNGG)) | |
| Although Git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level commands | |
| are sufficient to support development of alternative porcelains. | |
| Developers of such porcelains might start by reading about ggiitt--uuppddaattee-- | |
| iinnddeexx(1) and ggiitt--rreeaadd--ttrreeee(1). | |
| The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) to | |
| these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable than | |
| Porcelain level commands, because these commands are primarily for | |
| scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands on the other hand are | |
| subject to change in order to improve the end user experience. | |
| The following description divides the low-level commands into commands | |
| that manipulate objects (in the repository, index, and working tree), | |
| commands that interrogate and compare objects, and commands that move | |
| objects and references between repositories. | |
| MMaanniippuullaattiioonn ccoommmmaannddss | |
| ggiitt--aappppllyy(1) | |
| Apply a patch to files and/or to the index. | |
| ggiitt--cchheecckkoouutt--iinnddeexx(1) | |
| Copy files from the index to the working tree. | |
| ggiitt--ccoommmmiitt--ttrreeee(1) | |
| Create a new commit object. | |
| ggiitt--hhaasshh--oobbjjeecctt(1) | |
| Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file. | |
| ggiitt--iinnddeexx--ppaacckk(1) | |
| Build pack index file for an existing packed archive. | |
| ggiitt--mmeerrggee--ffiillee(1) | |
| Run a three-way file merge. | |
| ggiitt--mmeerrggee--iinnddeexx(1) | |
| Run a merge for files needing merging. | |
| ggiitt--mmkkttaagg(1) | |
| Creates a tag object. | |
| ggiitt--mmkkttrreeee(1) | |
| Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text. | |
| ggiitt--ppaacckk--oobbjjeeccttss(1) | |
| Create a packed archive of objects. | |
| ggiitt--pprruunnee--ppaacckkeedd(1) | |
| Remove extra objects that are already in pack files. | |
| ggiitt--rreeaadd--ttrreeee(1) | |
| Reads tree information into the index. | |
| ggiitt--ssyymmbboolliicc--rreeff(1) | |
| Read, modify and delete symbolic refs. | |
| ggiitt--uunnppaacckk--oobbjjeeccttss(1) | |
| Unpack objects from a packed archive. | |
| ggiitt--uuppddaattee--iinnddeexx(1) | |
| Register file contents in the working tree to the index. | |
| ggiitt--uuppddaattee--rreeff(1) | |
| Update the object name stored in a ref safely. | |
| ggiitt--wwrriittee--ttrreeee(1) | |
| Create a tree object from the current index. | |
| IInntteerrrrooggaattiioonn ccoommmmaannddss | |
| ggiitt--ccaatt--ffiillee(1) | |
| Provide content or type and size information for repository | |
| objects. | |
| ggiitt--ddiiffff--ffiilleess(1) | |
| Compares files in the working tree and the index. | |
| ggiitt--ddiiffff--iinnddeexx(1) | |
| Compare a tree to the working tree or index. | |
| ggiitt--ddiiffff--ttrreeee(1) | |
| Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects. | |
| ggiitt--ffoorr--eeaacchh--rreeff(1) | |
| Output information on each ref. | |
| ggiitt--llss--ffiilleess(1) | |
| Show information about files in the index and the working tree. | |
| ggiitt--llss--rreemmoottee(1) | |
| List references in a remote repository. | |
| ggiitt--llss--ttrreeee(1) | |
| List the contents of a tree object. | |
| ggiitt--mmeerrggee--bbaassee(1) | |
| Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge. | |
| ggiitt--nnaammee--rreevv(1) | |
| Find symbolic names for given revs. | |
| ggiitt--ppaacckk--rreedduunnddaanntt(1) | |
| Find redundant pack files. | |
| ggiitt--rreevv--lliisstt(1) | |
| Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order. | |
| ggiitt--sshhooww--iinnddeexx(1) | |
| Show packed archive index. | |
| ggiitt--sshhooww--rreeff(1) | |
| List references in a local repository. | |
| ggiitt--uunnppaacckk--ffiillee(1) | |
| Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents. | |
| ggiitt--vvaarr(1) | |
| Show a Git logical variable. | |
| ggiitt--vveerriiffyy--ppaacckk(1) | |
| Validate packed Git archive files. | |
| In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in the | |
| working tree. | |
| SSyynncchhiinngg rreeppoossiittoorriieess | |
| ggiitt--ddaaeemmoonn(1) | |
| A really simple server for Git repositories. | |
| ggiitt--ffeettcchh--ppaacckk(1) | |
| Receive missing objects from another repository. | |
| ggiitt--hhttttpp--bbaacckkeenndd(1) | |
| Server side implementation of Git over HTTP. | |
| ggiitt--sseenndd--ppaacckk(1) | |
| Push objects over Git protocol to another repository. | |
| ggiitt--uuppddaattee--sseerrvveerr--iinnffoo(1) | |
| Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers. | |
| The following are helper commands used by the above; end users | |
| typically do not use them directly. | |
| ggiitt--hhttttpp--ffeettcchh(1) | |
| Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP. | |
| ggiitt--hhttttpp--ppuusshh(1) | |
| Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository. | |
| ggiitt--ppaarrssee--rreemmoottee(1) | |
| Routines to help parsing remote repository access parameters. | |
| ggiitt--rreecceeiivvee--ppaacckk(1) | |
| Receive what is pushed into the repository. | |
| ggiitt--sshheellll(1) | |
| Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access. | |
| ggiitt--uuppllooaadd--aarrcchhiivvee(1) | |
| Send archive back to git-archive. | |
| ggiitt--uuppllooaadd--ppaacckk(1) | |
| Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack. | |
| IInntteerrnnaall hheellppeerr ccoommmmaannddss | |
| These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end users | |
| typically do not use them directly. | |
| ggiitt--cchheecckk--aattttrr(1) | |
| Display gitattributes information. | |
| ggiitt--cchheecckk--iiggnnoorree(1) | |
| Debug gitignore / exclude files. | |
| ggiitt--cchheecckk--mmaaiillmmaapp(1) | |
| Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts. | |
| ggiitt--cchheecckk--rreeff--ffoorrmmaatt(1) | |
| Ensures that a reference name is well formed. | |
| ggiitt--ccoolluummnn(1) | |
| Display data in columns. | |
| ggiitt--ccrreeddeennttiiaall(1) | |
| Retrieve and store user credentials. | |
| ggiitt--ccrreeddeennttiiaall--ccaacchhee(1) | |
| Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory. | |
| ggiitt--ccrreeddeennttiiaall--ssttoorree(1) | |
| Helper to store credentials on disk. | |
| ggiitt--ffmmtt--mmeerrggee--mmssgg(1) | |
| Produce a merge commit message. | |
| ggiitt--iinntteerrpprreett--ttrraaiilleerrss(1) | |
| help add structured information into commit messages. | |
| ggiitt--mmaaiilliinnffoo(1) | |
| Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message. | |
| ggiitt--mmaaiillsspplliitt(1) | |
| Simple UNIX mbox splitter program. | |
| ggiitt--mmeerrggee--oonnee--ffiillee(1) | |
| The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index. | |
| ggiitt--ppaattcchh--iidd(1) | |
| Compute unique ID for a patch. | |
| ggiitt--sshh--ii1188nn(1) | |
| Git's i18n setup code for shell scripts. | |
| ggiitt--sshh--sseettuupp(1) | |
| Common Git shell script setup code. | |
| ggiitt--ssttrriippssppaaccee(1) | |
| Remove unnecessary whitespace. | |
| CCOONNFFIIGGUURRAATTIIOONN MMEECCHHAANNIISSMM | |
| Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per | |
| repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look like | |
| this: | |
| # | |
| # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. | |
| # | |
| ; core variables | |
| [core] | |
| ; Don't trust file modes | |
| filemode = false | |
| ; user identity | |
| [user] | |
| name = "Junio C Hamano" | |
| email = "[email protected]" | |
| Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their | |
| operation accordingly. See ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1) for a list and more details | |
| about the configuration mechanism. | |
| IIDDEENNTTIIFFIIEERR TTEERRMMIINNOOLLOOGGYY | |
| <object> | |
| Indicates the object name for any type of object. | |
| <blob> | |
| Indicates a blob object name. | |
| <tree> | |
| Indicates a tree object name. | |
| <commit> | |
| Indicates a commit object name. | |
| <tree-ish> | |
| Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that takes a | |
| <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a <tree> object | |
| but automatically dereferences <commit> and <tag> objects that | |
| point at a <tree>. | |
| <commit-ish> | |
| Indicates a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a | |
| <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a <commit> | |
| object but automatically dereferences <tag> objects that point at a | |
| <commit>. | |
| <type> | |
| Indicates that an object type is required. Currently one of: bblloobb, | |
| ttrreeee, ccoommmmiitt, or ttaagg. | |
| <file> | |
| Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the root of the | |
| tree structure GGIITT__IINNDDEEXX__FFIILLEE describes. | |
| SSYYMMBBOOLLIICC IIDDEENNTTIIFFIIEERRSS | |
| Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following | |
| symbolic notation: | |
| HEAD | |
| indicates the head of the current branch. | |
| <tag> | |
| a valid tag _n_a_m_e (i.e. a rreeffss//ttaaggss//<<ttaagg>> reference). | |
| <head> | |
| a valid head _n_a_m_e (i.e. a rreeffss//hheeaaddss//<<hheeaadd>> reference). | |
| For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING | |
| REVISIONS" section in ggiittrreevviissiioonnss(7). | |
| FFIILLEE//DDIIRREECCTTOORRYY SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE | |
| Please see the ggiittrreeppoossiittoorryy--llaayyoouutt(5) document. | |
| Read ggiitthhooookkss(5) for more details about each hook. | |
| Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the | |
| $$GGIITT__DDIIRR. | |
| TTEERRMMIINNOOLLOOGGYY | |
| Please see ggiittgglloossssaarryy(7). | |
| EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS | |
| Various Git commands use the following environment variables: | |
| TThhee GGiitt RReeppoossiittoorryy | |
| These environment variables apply to _a_l_l core Git commands. Nb: it is | |
| worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above Git | |
| so take care if using a foreign front-end. | |
| GGIITT__IINNDDEEXX__FFIILLEE | |
| This environment allows the specification of an alternate index | |
| file. If not specified, the default of $$GGIITT__DDIIRR//iinnddeexx is used. | |
| GGIITT__IINNDDEEXX__VVEERRSSIIOONN | |
| This environment variable allows the specification of an index | |
| version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index files. | |
| By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See ggiitt--uuppddaattee-- | |
| iinnddeexx(1) for more information. | |
| GGIITT__OOBBJJEECCTT__DDIIRREECCTTOORRYY | |
| If the object storage directory is specified via this environment | |
| variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath - | |
| otherwise the default $$GGIITT__DDIIRR//oobbjjeeccttss directory is used. | |
| GGIITT__AALLTTEERRNNAATTEE__OOBBJJEECCTT__DDIIRREECCTTOORRIIEESS | |
| Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be | |
| archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable | |
| specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list of Git | |
| object directories which can be used to search for Git objects. New | |
| objects will not be written to these directories. | |
| Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted | |
| as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing | |
| double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value | |
| `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: | |
| `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. | |
| GGIITT__DDIIRR | |
| If the GGIITT__DDIIRR environment variable is set then it specifies a path | |
| to use instead of the default ..ggiitt for the base of the repository. | |
| The ----ggiitt--ddiirr command-line option also sets this value. | |
| GGIITT__WWOORRKK__TTRREEEE | |
| Set the path to the root of the working tree. This can also be | |
| controlled by the ----wwoorrkk--ttrreeee command-line option and the | |
| core.worktree configuration variable. | |
| GGIITT__NNAAMMEESSPPAACCEE | |
| Set the Git namespace; see ggiittnnaammeessppaacceess(7) for details. The | |
| ----nnaammeessppaaccee command-line option also sets this value. | |
| GGIITT__CCEEIILLIINNGG__DDIIRREECCTTOORRIIEESS | |
| This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If set, it | |
| is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up into while | |
| looking for a repository directory (useful for excluding | |
| slow-loading network directories). It will not exclude the current | |
| working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the | |
| environment. Normally, Git has to read the entries in this list and | |
| resolve any symlink that might be present in order to compare them | |
| with the current directory. However, if even this access is slow, | |
| you can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the | |
| subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; e.g., | |
| GGIITT__CCEEIILLIINNGG__DDIIRREECCTTOORRIIEESS==//mmaayybbee//ssyymmlliinnkk:::://vveerryy//ssllooww//nnoonn//ssyymmlliinnkk. | |
| GGIITT__DDIISSCCOOVVEERRYY__AACCRROOSSSS__FFIILLEESSYYSSTTEEMM | |
| When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository | |
| directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent | |
| directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it | |
| does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable can | |
| be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem boundaries. | |
| Like GGIITT__CCEEIILLIINNGG__DDIIRREECCTTOORRIIEESS, this will not affect an explicit | |
| repository directory set via GGIITT__DDIIRR or on the command line. | |
| GGIITT__CCOOMMMMOONN__DDIIRR | |
| If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are | |
| normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path instead. | |
| Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are taken from | |
| $GIT_DIR. See ggiittrreeppoossiittoorryy--llaayyoouutt(5) and ggiitt--wwoorrkkttrreeee(1) for | |
| details. This variable has lower precedence than other path | |
| variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... | |
| GGiitt CCoommmmiittss | |
| GGIITT__AAUUTTHHOORR__NNAAMMEE, GGIITT__AAUUTTHHOORR__EEMMAAIILL, GGIITT__AAUUTTHHOORR__DDAATTEE, GGIITT__CCOOMMMMIITTTTEERR__NNAAMMEE, | |
| GGIITT__CCOOMMMMIITTTTEERR__EEMMAAIILL, GGIITT__CCOOMMMMIITTTTEERR__DDAATTEE, _E_M_A_I_L | |
| see ggiitt--ccoommmmiitt--ttrreeee(1) | |
| GGiitt DDiiffffss | |
| GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__OOPPTTSS | |
| Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the number of | |
| context lines shown when a unified diff is created. This takes | |
| precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option value passed on the | |
| Git diff command line. | |
| GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF | |
| When the environment variable GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF is set, the program | |
| named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation described | |
| above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, | |
| GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF is called with 7 parameters: | |
| path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode | |
| where: | |
| <old|new>-file | |
| are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of | |
| <old|new>, | |
| <old|new>-hex | |
| are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, | |
| <old|new>-mode | |
| are the octal representation of the file modes. | |
| The file parameters can point at the user's working file (e.g. | |
| nneeww--ffiillee in "git-diff-files"), //ddeevv//nnuullll (e.g. oolldd--ffiillee when a new | |
| file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. oolldd--ffiillee in the index). | |
| GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF should not worry about unlinking the temporary | |
| file --- it is removed when GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF exits. | |
| For a path that is unmerged, GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF is called with 1 | |
| parameter, <path>. | |
| For each path GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF is called, two environment | |
| variables, GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__PPAATTHH__CCOOUUNNTTEERR and GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__PPAATTHH__TTOOTTAALL are set. | |
| GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__PPAATTHH__CCOOUUNNTTEERR | |
| A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. | |
| GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__PPAATTHH__TTOOTTAALL | |
| The total number of paths. | |
| ootthheerr | |
| GGIITT__MMEERRGGEE__VVEERRBBOOSSIITTYY | |
| A number controlling the amount of output shown by the recursive | |
| merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. See ggiitt--mmeerrggee(1) | |
| GGIITT__PPAAGGEERR | |
| This environment variable overrides $$PPAAGGEERR. If it is set to an | |
| empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch a pager. | |
| See also the ccoorree..ppaaggeerr option in ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1). | |
| GGIITT__EEDDIITTOORR | |
| This environment variable overrides $$EEDDIITTOORR and $$VVIISSUUAALL. It is used | |
| by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, an editor is to | |
| be launched. See also ggiitt--vvaarr(1) and the ccoorree..eeddiittoorr option in ggiitt-- | |
| ccoonnffiigg(1). | |
| GGIITT__SSSSHH, GGIITT__SSSSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD | |
| If either of these environment variables is set then _g_i_t _f_e_t_c_h and | |
| _g_i_t _p_u_s_h will use the specified command instead of _s_s_h when they | |
| need to connect to a remote system. The command will be given | |
| exactly two or four arguments: the _u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e_@_h_o_s_t (or just _h_o_s_t) | |
| from the URL and the shell command to execute on that remote | |
| system, optionally preceded by --pp (literally) and the _p_o_r_t from the | |
| URL when it specifies something other than the default SSH port. | |
| $$GGIITT__SSSSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD takes precedence over $$GGIITT__SSSSHH, and is interpreted | |
| by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included. | |
| $$GGIITT__SSSSHH on the other hand must be just the path to a program | |
| (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are | |
| needed). | |
| Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your | |
| personal ..sssshh//ccoonnffiigg file. Please consult your ssh documentation | |
| for further details. | |
| GGIITT__AASSKKPPAASSSS | |
| If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need | |
| to acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP | |
| authentication) will call this program with a suitable prompt as | |
| command-line argument and read the password from its STDOUT. See | |
| also the ccoorree..aasskkPPaassss option in ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1). | |
| GGIITT__TTEERRMMIINNAALL__PPRROOMMPPTT | |
| If this environment variable is set to 00, git will not prompt on | |
| the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication). | |
| GGIITT__CCOONNFFIIGG__NNOOSSYYSSTTEEMM | |
| Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide | |
| $$((pprreeffiixx))//eettcc//ggiittccoonnffiigg file. This environment variable can be used | |
| along with $$HHOOMMEE and $$XXDDGG__CCOONNFFIIGG__HHOOMMEE to create a predictable | |
| environment for a picky script, or you can set it temporarily to | |
| avoid using a buggy //eettcc//ggiittccoonnffiigg file while waiting for someone | |
| with sufficient permissions to fix it. | |
| GGIITT__FFLLUUSSHH | |
| If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such as | |
| _g_i_t _b_l_a_m_e (in incremental mode), _g_i_t _r_e_v_-_l_i_s_t, _g_i_t _l_o_g, _g_i_t | |
| _c_h_e_c_k_-_a_t_t_r and _g_i_t _c_h_e_c_k_-_i_g_n_o_r_e will force a flush of the output | |
| stream after each record have been flushed. If this variable is set | |
| to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely | |
| buffered I/O. If this environment variable is not set, Git will | |
| choose buffered or record-oriented flushing based on whether stdout | |
| appears to be redirected to a file or not. | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE | |
| Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in | |
| command execution and external command execution. | |
| If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case | |
| insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr. | |
| If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and lower | |
| than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value as an open | |
| file descriptor and will try to write the trace messages into this | |
| file descriptor. | |
| Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path (starting | |
| with a _/ character), Git will interpret this as a file path and | |
| will try to write the trace messages into it. | |
| Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false" | |
| (case insensitive) disables trace messages. | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKK__AACCCCEESSSS | |
| Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each | |
| access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is recorded. | |
| This may be helpful for troubleshooting some pack-related | |
| performance problems. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output | |
| options. | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKKEETT | |
| Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a given | |
| program. This can help with debugging object negotiation or other | |
| protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet starting with | |
| "PACK" (but see GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKKFFIILLEE below). See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for | |
| available trace output options. | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKKFFIILLEE | |
| Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a given program. | |
| Unlike other trace output, this trace is verbatim: no headers, and | |
| no quoting of binary data. You almost certainly want to direct into | |
| a file (e.g., GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKKFFIILLEE==//ttmmpp//mmyy..ppaacckk) rather than | |
| displaying it on the terminal or mixing it with other trace output. | |
| Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side of | |
| clones and fetches. | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPEERRFFOORRMMAANNCCEE | |
| Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution | |
| time of each Git command. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output | |
| options. | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__SSEETTUUPP | |
| Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current | |
| working directory after Git has completed its setup phase. See | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__SSHHAALLLLOOWW | |
| Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching / cloning | |
| of shallow repositories. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output | |
| options. | |
| GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__CCUURRLL | |
| Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, | |
| including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol. | |
| This is similar to doing curl ----ttrraaccee--aasscciiii on the command line. | |
| This option overrides setting the GGIITT__CCUURRLL__VVEERRBBOOSSEE environment | |
| variable. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. | |
| GGIITT__LLIITTEERRAALL__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS | |
| Setting this variable to 11 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs | |
| literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example, running | |
| GGIITT__LLIITTEERRAALL__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS==11 ggiitt lloogg ---- ''**..cc'' will search for commits | |
| that touch the path **..cc, not any paths that the glob **..cc matches. | |
| You might want this if you are feeding literal paths to Git (e.g., | |
| paths previously given to you by ggiitt llss--ttrreeee, ----rraaww diff output, | |
| etc). | |
| GGIITT__GGLLOOBB__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS | |
| Setting this variable to 11 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as | |
| glob patterns (aka "glob" magic). | |
| GGIITT__NNOOGGLLOOBB__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS | |
| Setting this variable to 11 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as | |
| literal (aka "literal" magic). | |
| GGIITT__IICCAASSEE__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS | |
| Setting this variable to 11 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as | |
| case-insensitive. | |
| GGIITT__RREEFFLLOOGG__AACCTTIIOONN | |
| When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep track of | |
| the reason why the ref was updated (which is typically the name of | |
| the high-level command that updated the ref), in addition to the | |
| old and new values of the ref. A scripted Porcelain command can use | |
| set_reflog_action helper function in ggiitt--sshh--sseettuupp to set its name | |
| to this variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the | |
| end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog. | |
| GGIITT__RREEFF__PPAARRAANNOOIIAA | |
| If set to 11, include broken or badly named refs when iterating over | |
| lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this does | |
| nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and abort some | |
| operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets this variable | |
| automatically when performing destructive operations like ggiitt-- | |
| pprruunnee(1). You should not need to set it yourself unless you want to | |
| be paranoid about making sure an operation has touched every ref | |
| (e.g., because you are cloning a repository to make a backup). | |
| GGIITT__AALLLLOOWW__PPRROOTTOOCCOOLL | |
| If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are | |
| allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to | |
| restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted | |
| repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., | |
| this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not set | |
| at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names currently | |
| used by git are: | |
| +o ffiillee: any local file-based path (including ffiillee:://// URLs, or | |
| local paths) | |
| +o ggiitt: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP connection | |
| (or proxy, if configured) | |
| +o sssshh: git over ssh (including hhoosstt::ppaatthh syntax, sssshh::////, etc). | |
| +o hhttttpp: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http". Note | |
| that this does _n_o_t include hhttttppss; if you want both, you should | |
| specify both as hhttttpp::hhttttppss. | |
| +o any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use hhgg | |
| to allow the ggiitt--rreemmoottee--hhgg helper) | |
| DDIISSCCUUSSSSIIOONN | |
| More detail on the following is available from the GGiitt ccoonncceeppttss cchhaapptteerr | |
| ooff tthhee uusseerr--mmaannuuaall[2] and ggiittccoorree--ttuuttoorriiaall(7). | |
| A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git" | |
| subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other | |
| things, a compressed object database representing the complete history | |
| of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current | |
| contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such | |
| as tags and branch heads. | |
| The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which | |
| hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up | |
| directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree | |
| and some number of parent commits. | |
| The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or | |
| "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent | |
| represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one | |
| parent represent merges of independent lines of development. | |
| All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally | |
| written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique. | |
| The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing | |
| just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this | |
| purpose. | |
| When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for | |
| efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files". | |
| Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref | |
| may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. | |
| Refs with names beginning rreeff//hheeaadd// contain the SHA-1 name of the most | |
| recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of | |
| tags of interest are stored under rreeff//ttaaggss//. A special ref named HHEEAADD | |
| contains the name of the currently checked-out branch. | |
| The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each | |
| path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents | |
| the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The | |
| attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the | |
| corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the | |
| working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may | |
| be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the | |
| content stored in the index. | |
| The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages") | |
| for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various | |
| unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress. | |
| FFUURRTTHHEERR DDOOCCUUMMEENNTTAATTIIOONN | |
| See the references in the "description" section to get started using | |
| Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary for a | |
| first-time user. | |
| The GGiitt ccoonncceeppttss cchhaapptteerr ooff tthhee uusseerr--mmaannuuaall[2] and ggiittccoorree--ttuuttoorriiaall(7) | |
| both provide introductions to the underlying Git architecture. | |
| See ggiittwwoorrkkfflloowwss(7) for an overview of recommended workflows. | |
| See also the hhoowwttoo[3] documents for some useful examples. | |
| The internals are documented in the GGiitt AAPPII ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn[4]. | |
| Users migrating from CVS may also want to read ggiittccvvss--mmiiggrraattiioonn(7). | |
| AAUUTTHHOORRSS | |
| Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio | |
| C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list | |
| <ggiitt@@vvggeerr..kkeerrnneell..oorrgg[5]>. | |
| hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ooppeennhhuubb..nneett//pp//ggiitt//ccoonnttrriibbuuttoorrss//ssuummmmaarryy gives you a more | |
| complete list of contributors. | |
| If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of ggiitt--sshhoorrttlloogg(1) | |
| and ggiitt--bbllaammee(1) can show you the authors for specific parts of the | |
| project. | |
| RREEPPOORRTTIINNGG BBUUGGSS | |
| Report bugs to the Git mailing list <ggiitt@@vvggeerr..kkeerrnneell..oorrgg[5]> where the | |
| development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be | |
| subscribed to the list to send a message there. | |
| SSEEEE AALLSSOO | |
| ggiittttuuttoorriiaall(7), ggiittttuuttoorriiaall--22(7), ggiitteevveerryyddaayy(7), ggiittccvvss--mmiiggrraattiioonn(7), | |
| ggiittgglloossssaarryy(7), ggiittccoorree--ttuuttoorriiaall(7), ggiittccllii(7), TThhee GGiitt UUsseerr''ss | |
| MMaannuuaall[1], ggiittwwoorrkkfflloowwss(7) | |
| GGIITT | |
| Part of the ggiitt(1) suite | |
| NNOOTTEESS | |
| 1. Git User's Manual | |
| git-htmldocs/user-manual.html | |
| 2. Git concepts chapter of the user-manual | |
| git-htmldocs/user-manual.html#git-concepts | |
| 3. howto | |
| git-htmldocs/howto-index.html | |
| 4. Git API documentation | |
| git-htmldocs/technical/api-index.html | |
| 5. [email protected] | |
| mailto:[email protected] | |
| Git 2.11.1 02/02/2017 GIT(1) |
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