Setup Go Environment

go.md

Install & Setup

• Download Go: https://golang.org/dl/
• Create a go folder in local machine, in this case ~/go

Note: all the go code should be inside this go folder

• Set your GOPATH

export GOPATH=$HOME/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOPATH/bin
echo "export GOPATH=$HOME/go" >> .bash_profile

• Check if install & setup successfully

1. Create hello.go in ~/go/src/hello/ with the following code

package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
  fmt.Println("ok")
}

2. Then go run hello.go

ok

上面的例子我们可以看到直接返回了两个参数，当然我们也可以命名返回参数的变量，这个例子里面只是用了两个类型，我们也可以改成如下这样的定义，然后返回的时候不用带上变量名，因为直接在函数里面初始化了。但如果你的函数是导出的(首字母大写)，官方建议：最好命名返回值，因为不命名返回值，虽然使得代码更加简洁了，但是会造成生成的文档可读性差。

func SumAndProduct(A, B int) (add int, Multiplied int) {
    add = A+B
    Multiplied = A*B
    return
}

如果有很多调用defer，那么defer是采用后进先出模式，所以如下代码会输出4 3 2 1 0

for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
    defer fmt.Printf("%d ", i)
}

Create a simple http server

package main 

import "fmt"
import "net/http"

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
	http.HandleFunc("/earth", handler2)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil) // `nil` means DefaultServeMux 
}

func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello Earth")
}

func handler2(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello World")
}

use go run xx.go to start the server

Create a simple TCP server

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net"
)

func main() {
	li, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080")
	if err != nil {
		log.Panic(err)
	}
	defer li.Close()

	for {
		conn, err := li.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Println(err)
		}
		go handle(conn)
	}
}

func handle(conn net.Conn) {
	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(conn)
	for scanner.Scan() {
		ln := scanner.Text()
		fmt.Println(ln)
		fmt.Fprintf(conn, "I heard you say: %s\n", ln)
	}
	defer conn.Close()
}

For go run xx.go not working on localhost, kill the current listening kill -9 PID

to find PID (i.e on 8080): use lsof -i tcp:8080
oneliner: lsof -P | grep ':8080' | awk '{print $2}' | xargs kill -9

trailing forward slash / catches all subdirectory and execute corresponding handlers.

Upload, read and store file

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
)

var content string

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/", next)
	http.Handle("/favicon.ico", http.NotFoundHandler())
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func next(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
	var s string
	fmt.Println(req.Method)
	if req.Method == http.MethodPost {
		f, h, err := req.FormFile("q")
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}
		defer f.Close()

		bs, err := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}
		s = string(bs)

		// store
		dst, err := os.Create(filepath.Join("./", h.Filename))
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}
		defer dst.Close()
		_, err = dst.Write(bs)
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
		}
	}

	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
	io.WriteString(w, `
		<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
		<input type="file" name="q">
		<input type="submit">
		</form>
		<br>`+s)
}

You can only declare a method with a receiver whose type is defined in the same package as the method. You cannot declare a method with a receiver whose type is defined in another package (which includes the built-in types such as int).

Pointer Receivers are more common than value receivers

Methods with pointer receivers can modify the value to which the receiver points (as Scale does here). Since methods often need to modify their receiver, pointer receivers are more common than value receivers.

With a value receiver, the Scale method operates on a copy of the original Vertex value. (This is the same behavior as for any other function argument.) The Scale method must have a pointer receiver to change the Vertex value declared in the main function.

type Vertex struct {
	X, Y float64
}
func (v *Vertex) Scale(f float64) {
	v.X = v.X * f
	v.Y = v.Y * f
}
func (v Vertex) Scale1(f float64) {
	v.X = v.X * f
	v.Y = v.Y * f
}
func main() {
	v := Vertex{3, 4}
	v.Scale1(10)
	fmt.Println(v)
	v.Scale(10)
	fmt.Println(v)
}

Output

{3 4}
{30 40}

Choosing a value or pointer receiver

There are two reasons to use a pointer receiver.
The first is so that the method can modify the value that its receiver points to.
The second is to avoid copying the value on each method call. This can be more efficient if the receiver is a large struct, for example.
In general, all methods on a given type should have either value or pointer receivers, but not a mixture of both.

Waitgroup

A WaitGroup waits for a collection of goroutines to finish. The main goroutine calls Add to set the number of goroutines to wait for. Then each of the goroutines runs and calls Done when finished. At the same time, Wait can be used to block until all goroutines have finished.

func main() {
	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}

	data := make(chan int)
	wg.Add(2)
	go func() {
		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
			fmt.Println("Received ", <-data)
		}
		wg.Done()
	}()

	go func() {
		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
			data <- i
		}
		wg.Done()
	}()
	wg.Wait()
}

Buffered Channel

func main() {
	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
	data := make(chan int, 100)
	wg.Add(2)
	go func() {
		for num := range data {
			fmt.Println("Received ", num)
		}
		wg.Done()
	}()

	go func() {
		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
			data <- i
		}
		close(data)
		wg.Done()
	}()
	wg.Wait()
}

Mutex

A Mutex is a mutual exclusion lock. The zero value for a Mutex is an unlocked mutex.

Working with JSON

Marshal vs UnMarshal

type person struct {
	First string `json: "First"`
	Last  string `json: "Last"`
	Age   int    `json: "Age"`
}

func main() {
	// struct to json
	p1 := person{"james", "bond", 32}
	p2 := person{"money", "pendy", 38}
	people := []person{p1, p2}
	fmt.Println(people)
	bs, err := json.Marshal(people)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}
	jsonString := string(bs)
	fmt.Println(jsonString)

	// json to struct
	bs1 := []byte(jsonString)
	var people1 []person
	err1 := json.Unmarshal(bs1, &people1)
	if err1 != nil {
		fmt.Println(err1)
	}
	fmt.Println(people1)
}

Concurrency is Not Parallelism, it is a design pattern that makes your code to run better on Multiple Core Computer