Simple responsive image solution. The idea is to add the information about different image sizes to the HTML as data attributes in a noscript tag. The content of the noscript tag would be an img tag and would be shown to browsers that have JavaScript turned off.

rsimage.html

<style>
  .img-container {
    position: relative;
    padding-bottom: 56.25%; /* 16:9 ratio */
    height: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.img-container img {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
}
</style>

<noscript data-src-small="img-small.jpg" 
    data-src-medium="img-medium.jpg" 
    data-src-high="img-high" 
    data-src-x-high="img-x-high.jpg">
        <img src="img-small.jpg">
</noscript>

<script>
  var lazyloadImage = function (imageContainer) {

        var imageVersion = getImageVersion();

        if (!imageContainer || !imageContainer.children) {
            return;
        }
        var img = imageContainer.children[0];

        if (img) {
            var imgSRC = img.getAttribute("data-src-" + imageVersion);
            var altTxt = img.getAttribute("data-alt");
            if (imgSRC) {
                var imageElement = new Image();
                imageElement.src = imgSRC;
                imageElement.setAttribute("alt", altTxt ? altTxt : "");
                imageContainer.appendChild(imageElement);
                imageContainer.removeChild(imageContainer.children[0]);
            }
        }
    },
    lazyLoadedImages = document.getElementsByClassName("lazy-load");

    for (var i = 0; i < lazyLoadedImages.length; i++) {
        lazyloadImage(lazyLoadedImages[i]);
    }
    
    var getImageVersion = function() {
            var devicePixelRatio = getDevicePixelRatio(); /* Function defined elsewhere.*/
            var width = window.innerWidth * devicePixelRatio;
            if (width > 640) {
                        return "high";
            } else if (width > 320) {
                        return "medium";
            } else {
                        return "small"; // default version
            }
};
</script>

http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2013/09/16/responsive-images-performance-problem-case-study/

For a more in-depth article about the exact code above.