hosts.yml

---
all:
  vars:
    ansible_python_interpreter: auto
  hosts:
    test:
      ansible_connection: docker

playbook.yml

---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: false

  tasks:
    - name: Run a local command
      command: "{{ playbook_dir }}/test_command {{ exit_value | default(0) }}"
      delegate_to: localhost
      register: test_command
      changed_when: false
      failed_when: test_command.rc not in [0,1]

    - name: Debug local command
      debug:
        var: test_command.stdout

    - name: Do something
      command: "echo do something"
      when: test_command.rc == 0

session.txt

# make sure all files are ok
$ ls -l
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 user users  57 janv.  4 23:25 hosts.yml
-rw-r--r-- 1 user users 332 janv.  4 23:36 playbook.yml
-rwxr--r-- 1 user users  47 janv.  4 23:29 test_command

# Launch our test docker container target
$ docker run -d --rm --name test python:latest tail -f /dev/null

# Note: I changed the logic so the local task does not fail
# when I get an expected RC. But that does not change the overall demo.

# Launch playbook with "suceeding" script
$ ansible-playbook -i hosts.yml playbook.yml 

PLAY [all] *****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************

TASK [Run a local command] *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [test]

TASK [Debug local command] *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [test] => {
    "test_command.stdout": "Argument passed is 0"
}

TASK [Do something] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [test]

PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
test                       : ok=3    changed=1    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0

# Launch play book with "failing" script
$ ansible-playbook -i hosts.yml playbook.yml -e exit_value=1

PLAY [all] *****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************

TASK [Run a local command] *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [test]

TASK [Debug local command] *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [test] => {
    "test_command.stdout": "Argument passed is 1"
}

TASK [Do something] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [test]

PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
test                       : ok=2    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=1    rescued=0    ignored=0

test_command

#!/bin/bash
echo Argument passed is $1
exit $1