How to make ~/Downloads (or any other directory) a separate APFS volume without Time Machine local snapshots

Tested on macOS 13.3.1.

In Disk Utility, create new APFS volume under internal SSD's Container disk1.
Unmount the volume.
⌘I to open the Info panel of the volume, copy the Volume UUID. Alternatively, the UUID can be copied from the output of diskutil info disk1s7, where disk1s7 should be replaced with the corresponding device node.
sudo vifs to edit /etc/fstab, adding the following entry:
```
UUID=<VolumeUUID>	/path/to/mount/point	apfs	rw,nobrowse
```
The nobrowse option ensures the volume doesn't show up in various places in the GUI, e.g. as a mounted disk on the desktop. See man 8 mount.
Mount the volume in Disk Utility. Do not use sudo mount -a, it doesn't work.
You can try to add the path to Time Machine's backup exclusion list, but it may not work properly if you have excluded the path already (not as a volume). The following should always work:
```
sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.TimeMachine.plist ExcludedVolumeUUIDs -array-add <VolumeUUID>
```
You can later verify the volume is excluded by looking at the output of
```
defaults read /Library/Preferences/com.apple.TimeMachine.plist
```
To check the volume indeed isn't accumulating snapshots, turn on View -> Show APFS Snapshots in Disk Utility and check the volume. Alternatively, run
```
diskutil ap listSnapshots disk1s7
```
Again, replace disk1s7 with the appropriate device node.

zmwangx/APFS volume without Time Machine local snapshots.md