The last extensive religous war. The Peace of Westphalia as the result of the war created a basis for national self-determination. It is the start of the modern regime.
The new thought of freedom spreaded all over the world. People started to recognize states as their own, which was the beginning of the nationalism.
- The resistance against the Ancien Régime (<-> The First Coaliation, 1793-1797)
- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
On the other hand, leaders realized the importance of balance of power, which resulted in the Quintuple Alliance.
The unification of Germany was made under the rise of Prussia.
- Friedrich Wilhelm I - the 'Solider King' (Reign: 1731-1740)
- The Battle of Waterloo - the victory against France, which was led by Napoleon. (1815)
- Otto von Bismarck - the 'Iron Chancellor' (1862-1890)
- The Austro-Prussian War (1866) promoted the Kleindeutsche Lösung ("Lesser German solution") and led to the unification of Germany as a nation-state.
- The Franco-Prussian War (1870) and the establishment of the German Empire
- The German colonial empire (1884-1918)
Germany was rising as a superpower with the advantage on Austria.
- The French invasion of Russia and the Patoric War (1812) promoted the enlightenment in Russia.
- The Decembrist revolt (1825)
- The Narodniks and the assassination of Alexander II (1881)
- The autocracy of Alexandr III (1881-1894) and Nikolai II (1868-1918)
- The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and the defeat
Rulers and iintellectuals tried modernization, but their failure led to the radical revolution.
- The Greater Serbia
- Nikolai I (1796-1855)
- The Eastern Question
Russian Imperialism and Slavian nationalism intensified and the Balkans became the Poweder keg of Europe.
- The traditional expansion policy (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- He considered German support is necessary.
- Autocracy (as stated in the above)
- General mobilisation (1914, July 29)