Very unfortunatley, there is not a reasonable way to get Debian's default initramfs-tools to unlock LUKS volumes using tokens, like FIDO2 or TPM2. The best attempt to make this work using initramfs-tools is https://github.com/bertogg/fido2luks.
The most common way to handle unlocking these LUKS volumes is to use dracut to generate an initram filesystems. I'm not saying that dracut is great, but it will allow you to easily use systemd-cryptenroll tokenized luks unlock methods.