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Reversing Raw Binary Firmware Files in Ghidra

This brief tutorial will show you how to go about analyzing a raw binary firmware image in Ghidra.

Prep work in Binwalk

I was recently interested in reversing some older Cisco IOS images. Those images come in the form of a single binary blob, without any sort of ELF, Mach-o, or PE header to describe the binary.

While I am using Cisco IOS Images in this example, the same process should apply to other Raw Binary Firmware Images.

Each entity in source engine has two hitboxes - one in quake physics world, and another in havok (or vphys) physics world. This second hitbox is called "physics shadow".

Depending on type of the entity one of the hitboxes is dominant. Each frame results of havok physics simulation for barrels, rollermines, vehicles and etc will be copied over quake hitboxes of entities. For NPCs, rockets and elevators state is copied in reverse direction - quake to havok.

Player is special. Normally quake hitbox will overwrite havok shadow, but only if its movement is not blocked by any havok hitboxes. Player's hitbox will be copied in reverse - from havok to quake - if (a) havok hitbox is valid (not stuck in quake world), (b) player is touching a vphys object.

Quickclip works, because in vehicles havok hitbox has collisions masked out for everything except pickups (health, ammo). When you exit a vehicle, collision mask for havok physics should be changed to normal, but only if vehicle is present in the world. Barnacle fo

Migen Clock Domains Summary

Terminology

Declaring a clock domain:
- self.clock_domains.cd_mycd = ClockDomain()
Referencing a clock domain:
- self.sync.mycd += []
- ClockSignal("mycd")
Requesting an I/O signal:
platform.request("clk12")

Speedrunning FAQ/Glossary

by 0xabad1dea September 2018

You may notice a decidedly Nintendo bias to the examples. I can't change who I am.

What is Speedrunning?

Speedrunning is:

Completing a video game

What is the Strict Aliasing Rule and Why do we care?

(OR Type Punning, Undefined Behavior and Alignment, Oh My!)

What is strict aliasing? First we will describe what is aliasing and then we can learn what being strict about it means.

In C and C++ aliasing has to do with what expression types we are allowed to access stored values through. In both C and C++ the standard specifies which expression types are allowed to alias which types. The compiler and optimizer are allowed to assume we follow the aliasing rules strictly, hence the term strict aliasing rule. If we attempt to access a value using a type not allowed it is classified as undefined behavior(UB). Once we have undefined behavior all bets are off, the results of our program are no longer reliable.

Unfortunately with strict aliasing violations, we will often obtain the results we expect, leaving the possibility the a future version of a compiler with a new optimization will break code we th

	/*
	* ------------------------------------------------------------
	* "THE MONSTERWARE LICENSE" (Revision 01):
	* <author> wrote this code. As long as you retain this
	* notice, you can do whatever you want with this stuff. If we
	* meet someday, and you think this stuff is worth it, you can
	* buy me a Monster Energy® energy drink in return.
	* ------------------------------------------------------------
	*/

	HISTSIZE=50000
	SAVEHIST=50000
	HISTFILE=~/.zsh_history

	# sane zplug installation defaults
	if [[ -z "$ZPLUG_HOME" ]]; then
	ZPLUG_HOME="${XDG_DATA_HOME:-$HOME/.local/share}/zplug"
	fi
	if [[ -z "$ZPLUG_CACHE_DIR" ]]; then
	ZPLUG_CACHE_DIR="${XDG_CACHE_HOME:-$HOME/.cache}/zplug"

	"""
	A minimal implementation of Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) in Python 3
	Luke Harold Miles, July 2019, Public Domain Dedication
	See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_tree_search
	https://gist.github.com/qpwo/c538c6f73727e254fdc7fab81024f6e1
	"""
	from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
	from collections import defaultdict
	import math

	package com.unascribed.materialpicker;

	import java.util.Arrays;
	import java.util.Collections;
	import java.util.List;
	import java.util.Random;

	public enum MaterialColor {
	RED("Red",
	0xFF_F44336,

	#!/usr/bin/env python3
	"""

	A script that go through your followings and unfollows dead accounts.
	It notices empty accounts, accounts that were deleted locally and remotely,
	and also cleans up dead instances if allowed to.
	It has a cache so you can run it once without --unfollow to preview its
	actions, and a second time that will skip all verified active profiles.
	With colors and a nice progress bar with item count, %, and ETA.