First identify your image.
$ docker ps --format "{{.ID}}: {{.Image}} {{.Names}}"
3d2fb2ab2ca5: jenkins-docker jenkins-docker_1
Then login into the image as root.
$ docker container exec -u 0 -it jenkins-docker_1 /bin/bash
Now you are inside the container, download the jenkins.war
file from the official site like.
# wget wget http://updates.jenkins-ci.org/download/war/2.176.1/jenkins.war
Replace the version with the one that fits to you.
The next step is to move that file and replace the oldest one.
# mv ./jenkins.war /usr/share/jenkins/
Then change permissions.
# chown jenkins:jenkins /usr/share/jenkins/jenkins.war
The last step is to logout from the container and restart it.
$ docker restart jenkins-docker_1
You can verify that update was successful by access to you Jenkins url.
You should use wget only once in the terminal. As you have used it twice, wget is resolving wget instead of the link.