composer.json

{
    "require": {
        "php": ">=5.5",
        "ext-intl" : "*",
        "silex/silex": "~1.2",
        "twig/twig": "~1.15",
        "symfony/twig-bridge": "~2.5",
        "symfony/security": "~2.5",
        "symfony/yaml": ">=2.5,<2.7",
        "symfony/form": "~2.5",
        "symfony/validator": "~2.5",
        "symfony/config": "~2.5",
        "symfony/security-csrf": "~2.5",
        "symfony/locale": "~2.5",
        "symfony/doctrine-bridge": "~2.5",
        "symfony/translation": "~2.5",
        "igorw/config-service-provider": "~1.2",
        "incenteev/composer-parameter-handler": "~2.0",
        "dflydev/doctrine-orm-service-provider": "~1.0",
        "drewm/mailchimp-api": "~1.0",
        "swiftmailer/swiftmailer": "~4.1",
        "monolog/monolog": "~1.12",
        "salva/jshrink-bundle": "^1.1",
        "asm89/twig-cache-extension": "~1.0",
        "silex/web-profiler": "~1.0"
    },
    "require-dev": {
        "phpunit/phpunit": "~4.0",
        "nelmio/alice": "~2.0",
        "guzzle/guzzle": "~3.9",
        "fabpot/goutte": "~1.0",
        "behat/behat": "~2.4",
        "behat/mink": "~1.4",
        "behat/mink-extension": "*",
        "behat/mink-goutte-driver": "*",
        "behat/mink-selenium2-driver": "~1.2"
    }
}

docker-compose.yml

# Website Development Environment
version: '2'
services:
    # Application Server: Website
    php:
        build:
            context: ./
            dockerfile: Dockerfile-php
        command: "php -S 0.0.0.0:80 -t web web/index.php"
        ports:
            - "8091:80"
        volumes_from:
            - sync
        working_dir: /var/www
        links:
            - db:db
            - sync:sync
        environment:
            APPLICATION_ENV: dev
        stdin_open: true
        tty: true

    # Web Development Tools
    tools:
        build:
            context: ./
            dockerfile: Dockerfile-tools
        volumes_from:
            - sync
        working_dir: /src
        links:
            - db:db
            - sync:sync
        stdin_open: true
        tty: true

    # Database
    db:
        image: mysql:5.7
        environment:
            MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root
            MYSQL_DATABASE: xyz

    # Synchronization
    sync:
        build:
            context: ./
            dockerfile: Dockerfile-sync
        command: "lsyncd -delay 1 -nodaemon -rsync /src /var/www"
        volumes:
            - /var/www
            - "./:/src"
        working_dir: /src
        stdin_open: true
        tty: true

Dockerfile-php

FROM ubuntu:16.04

RUN PACKAGES="\
        php-cli \
        php-mysql \
        php-intl \
        php-xml \
        php-curl \
        php-dom \
    " && \
    apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y $PACKAGES && \
    apt-get autoremove --purge -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*

Dockerfile-sync

FROM ubuntu:16.04

RUN PACKAGES="\
        rsync \
        lsyncd \
    " && \
    apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y $PACKAGES && \
    apt-get autoremove --purge -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*

Dockerfile-tools

FROM ubuntu:16.04

RUN PACKAGES="\
        nodejs \
        nodejs-legacy \
        npm \
        php-cli \
        php-mysql \
        php-intl \
        php-xml \
        php-curl \
        php-dom \
        wget \
        zip \
        unzip \
        git \
        libfreetype6 \
        libfontconfig \
    " && \
    apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y $PACKAGES && \
    apt-get autoremove --purge -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*

RUN cd /tmp && \
    php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer', 'composer-setup.php');" && \
    php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/bin --filename=composer && \
    php -r "unlink('composer-setup.php');" && \
    rm -rf /tmp/*

Amazing what you have done with sync!
Amazing speed increase!
Thank you for sharing!

It seems that this methods has some problems if you are working the shared folder with git.
The delay in transfer makes some trouble when you switch between brunches.
Have you noticed similar behavior?

@SpiralOutDotEu Unfortunately yes but I have a different solution now (which leads to loading times under 100ms):

docker-compose.yml

version: "2"
services:
    # Web Server
    web:
        build:
          context: .
          dockerfile: docker/Dockerfile-web
        command: "php bin/console server:run 0.0.0.0:80"
        ports:
            - "9406:80"
        volumes:
            - ./:/data
            - app-var-cache:/data/var/cache
            - app-var-sessions:/data/var/sessions
            - app-var-logs:/data/var/logs
            - app-vendor:/data/vendor
            - app-node_modules:/data/node_modules
        links:
            - db
        working_dir: "/data"
        environment:
            APPLICATION_ENV: dev

    # Command Line Tools
    cli:
        build:
            context: .
            dockerfile: docker/Dockerfile-cli
        volumes:
            - ./:/data
            - app-var-cache:/data/var/cache
            - app-var-sessions:/data/var/sessions
            - app-var-logs:/data/var/logs
            - app-vendor:/data/vendor
            - app-node_modules:/data/node_modules
        links:
            - db
        working_dir: "/data"

    # Database
    db:
        image: mysql:5.7
        environment:
            MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root
            MYSQL_DATABASE: dev
        ports:
            - "4407:3306"

volumes:
    app-var-cache:
    app-var-sessions:
    app-var-logs:
    app-vendor:
    app-node_modules:

I re-mount the heavy folders to docker volumes and rsync them manually into a .data folder so my IDE can index my files.

Makefile

install-dependencies:
	# Create cache, session and logs directories
	@$(MKDIR) -p vendor var/logs var/cache var/sessions || true
	# Install php dependencies
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'composer install'
	# Install node dependencies
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'yarn'
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'npm rebuild node-sass'

sync-dependencies:
    # Create .data directory
	@$(MKDIR) -p .data || true
    # vendor
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'rsync -rtuz --delete-delay --progress --exclude="bin/" vendor/ .data/vendor'
    # node_modules
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'rsync -rtuz --delete-delay --progress --exclude=".bin/" --exclude=".cache/" node_modules/ .data/node_modules'

install: install-dependencies sync-dependencies
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'rm  -rf var/cache/*'

Hey guys,

As I think there's a tool that provides a similar behavior in a bit standardized way: http://docker-sync.io/