composer.json

{
    "require": {
        "php": ">=5.5",
        "ext-intl" : "*",
        "silex/silex": "~1.2",
        "twig/twig": "~1.15",
        "symfony/twig-bridge": "~2.5",
        "symfony/security": "~2.5",
        "symfony/yaml": ">=2.5,<2.7",
        "symfony/form": "~2.5",
        "symfony/validator": "~2.5",
        "symfony/config": "~2.5",
        "symfony/security-csrf": "~2.5",
        "symfony/locale": "~2.5",
        "symfony/doctrine-bridge": "~2.5",
        "symfony/translation": "~2.5",
        "igorw/config-service-provider": "~1.2",
        "incenteev/composer-parameter-handler": "~2.0",
        "dflydev/doctrine-orm-service-provider": "~1.0",
        "drewm/mailchimp-api": "~1.0",
        "swiftmailer/swiftmailer": "~4.1",
        "monolog/monolog": "~1.12",
        "salva/jshrink-bundle": "^1.1",
        "asm89/twig-cache-extension": "~1.0",
        "silex/web-profiler": "~1.0"
    },
    "require-dev": {
        "phpunit/phpunit": "~4.0",
        "nelmio/alice": "~2.0",
        "guzzle/guzzle": "~3.9",
        "fabpot/goutte": "~1.0",
        "behat/behat": "~2.4",
        "behat/mink": "~1.4",
        "behat/mink-extension": "*",
        "behat/mink-goutte-driver": "*",
        "behat/mink-selenium2-driver": "~1.2"
    }
}

docker-compose.yml

# Website Development Environment
version: '2'
services:
    # Application Server: Website
    php:
        build:
            context: ./
            dockerfile: Dockerfile-php
        command: "php -S 0.0.0.0:80 -t web web/index.php"
        ports:
            - "8091:80"
        volumes_from:
            - sync
        working_dir: /var/www
        links:
            - db:db
            - sync:sync
        environment:
            APPLICATION_ENV: dev
        stdin_open: true
        tty: true

    # Web Development Tools
    tools:
        build:
            context: ./
            dockerfile: Dockerfile-tools
        volumes_from:
            - sync
        working_dir: /src
        links:
            - db:db
            - sync:sync
        stdin_open: true
        tty: true

    # Database
    db:
        image: mysql:5.7
        environment:
            MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root
            MYSQL_DATABASE: xyz

    # Synchronization
    sync:
        build:
            context: ./
            dockerfile: Dockerfile-sync
        command: "lsyncd -delay 1 -nodaemon -rsync /src /var/www"
        volumes:
            - /var/www
            - "./:/src"
        working_dir: /src
        stdin_open: true
        tty: true

Dockerfile-php

FROM ubuntu:16.04

RUN PACKAGES="\
        php-cli \
        php-mysql \
        php-intl \
        php-xml \
        php-curl \
        php-dom \
    " && \
    apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y $PACKAGES && \
    apt-get autoremove --purge -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*

Dockerfile-sync

FROM ubuntu:16.04

RUN PACKAGES="\
        rsync \
        lsyncd \
    " && \
    apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y $PACKAGES && \
    apt-get autoremove --purge -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*

Dockerfile-tools

FROM ubuntu:16.04

RUN PACKAGES="\
        nodejs \
        nodejs-legacy \
        npm \
        php-cli \
        php-mysql \
        php-intl \
        php-xml \
        php-curl \
        php-dom \
        wget \
        zip \
        unzip \
        git \
        libfreetype6 \
        libfontconfig \
    " && \
    apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y $PACKAGES && \
    apt-get autoremove --purge -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/* /var/tmp/*

RUN cd /tmp && \
    php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer', 'composer-setup.php');" && \
    php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/bin --filename=composer && \
    php -r "unlink('composer-setup.php');" && \
    rm -rf /tmp/*

@SpiralOutDotEu Unfortunately yes but I have a different solution now (which leads to loading times under 100ms):

docker-compose.yml

version: "2"
services:
    # Web Server
    web:
        build:
          context: .
          dockerfile: docker/Dockerfile-web
        command: "php bin/console server:run 0.0.0.0:80"
        ports:
            - "9406:80"
        volumes:
            - ./:/data
            - app-var-cache:/data/var/cache
            - app-var-sessions:/data/var/sessions
            - app-var-logs:/data/var/logs
            - app-vendor:/data/vendor
            - app-node_modules:/data/node_modules
        links:
            - db
        working_dir: "/data"
        environment:
            APPLICATION_ENV: dev

    # Command Line Tools
    cli:
        build:
            context: .
            dockerfile: docker/Dockerfile-cli
        volumes:
            - ./:/data
            - app-var-cache:/data/var/cache
            - app-var-sessions:/data/var/sessions
            - app-var-logs:/data/var/logs
            - app-vendor:/data/vendor
            - app-node_modules:/data/node_modules
        links:
            - db
        working_dir: "/data"

    # Database
    db:
        image: mysql:5.7
        environment:
            MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root
            MYSQL_DATABASE: dev
        ports:
            - "4407:3306"

volumes:
    app-var-cache:
    app-var-sessions:
    app-var-logs:
    app-vendor:
    app-node_modules:

I re-mount the heavy folders to docker volumes and rsync them manually into a .data folder so my IDE can index my files.

Makefile

install-dependencies:
	# Create cache, session and logs directories
	@$(MKDIR) -p vendor var/logs var/cache var/sessions || true
	# Install php dependencies
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'composer install'
	# Install node dependencies
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'yarn'
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'npm rebuild node-sass'

sync-dependencies:
    # Create .data directory
	@$(MKDIR) -p .data || true
    # vendor
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'rsync -rtuz --delete-delay --progress --exclude="bin/" vendor/ .data/vendor'
    # node_modules
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'rsync -rtuz --delete-delay --progress --exclude=".bin/" --exclude=".cache/" node_modules/ .data/node_modules'

install: install-dependencies sync-dependencies
	@$(COMPOSE) run --rm cli bash -c 'rm  -rf var/cache/*'

Hey guys,

As I think there's a tool that provides a similar behavior in a bit standardized way: http://docker-sync.io/