Updated to the Keras 2.0 API.

classifier_from_little_data_script_2.py

'''This script goes along the blog post
"Building powerful image classification models using very little data"
from blog.keras.io.
It uses data that can be downloaded at:
https://www.kaggle.com/c/dogs-vs-cats/data
In our setup, we:
- created a data/ folder
- created train/ and validation/ subfolders inside data/
- created cats/ and dogs/ subfolders inside train/ and validation/
- put the cat pictures index 0-999 in data/train/cats
- put the cat pictures index 1000-1400 in data/validation/cats
- put the dogs pictures index 12500-13499 in data/train/dogs
- put the dog pictures index 13500-13900 in data/validation/dogs
So that we have 1000 training examples for each class, and 400 validation examples for each class.
In summary, this is our directory structure:
```
data/
    train/
        dogs/
            dog001.jpg
            dog002.jpg
            ...
        cats/
            cat001.jpg
            cat002.jpg
            ...
    validation/
        dogs/
            dog001.jpg
            dog002.jpg
            ...
        cats/
            cat001.jpg
            cat002.jpg
            ...
```
'''
import numpy as np
from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dropout, Flatten, Dense
from keras import applications

# dimensions of our images.
img_width, img_height = 150, 150

top_model_weights_path = 'bottleneck_fc_model.h5'
train_data_dir = 'data/train'
validation_data_dir = 'data/validation'
nb_train_samples = 2000
nb_validation_samples = 800
epochs = 50
batch_size = 16


def save_bottlebeck_features():
    datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1. / 255)

    # build the VGG16 network
    model = applications.VGG16(include_top=False, weights='imagenet')

    generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(
        train_data_dir,
        target_size=(img_width, img_height),
        batch_size=batch_size,
        class_mode=None,
        shuffle=False)
    bottleneck_features_train = model.predict_generator(
        generator, nb_train_samples // batch_size)
    np.save(open('bottleneck_features_train.npy', 'w'),
            bottleneck_features_train)

    generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(
        validation_data_dir,
        target_size=(img_width, img_height),
        batch_size=batch_size,
        class_mode=None,
        shuffle=False)
    bottleneck_features_validation = model.predict_generator(
        generator, nb_validation_samples // batch_size)
    np.save(open('bottleneck_features_validation.npy', 'w'),
            bottleneck_features_validation)


def train_top_model():
    train_data = np.load(open('bottleneck_features_train.npy'))
    train_labels = np.array(
        [0] * (nb_train_samples / 2) + [1] * (nb_train_samples / 2))

    validation_data = np.load(open('bottleneck_features_validation.npy'))
    validation_labels = np.array(
        [0] * (nb_validation_samples / 2) + [1] * (nb_validation_samples / 2))

    model = Sequential()
    model.add(Flatten(input_shape=train_data.shape[1:]))
    model.add(Dense(256, activation='relu'))
    model.add(Dropout(0.5))
    model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

    model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
                  loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

    model.fit(train_data, train_labels,
              epochs=epochs,
              batch_size=batch_size,
              validation_data=(validation_data, validation_labels))
    model.save_weights(top_model_weights_path)


save_bottlebeck_features()
train_top_model()

@fchollet, other contributors
thanks to author for this highly useful tutorial, and the contributors to the discussion who made this workable.
One observation: when using MobileNet instead of VGG16, while leaving all other settings constant (2.000 training samples) the results are dramatically better --> beyond 97% accuracy without fine-tuning !

Despite MobileNet beeing a much smaller model.
Similarly when working on kaggles humpback whales I whitnessed Mobilenet outperforming all other (much larger) models.

My computer (CPU running) takes 30 minutes from reading the training data:
Found 2000 images belonging to 2 classes.

to the validation data:
Found 800 images belonging to 2 classes

and then 15 more minutes till it start the epochs. Any idea why it's sooo slow? thanks!

ValueError: Error when checking target: expected dense_2 to have shape (10,) but got array with shape (1,)

I am doing multi classification and changed like below but getting error like above.
 model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax'))

Also , using categorical_crossentropy and class_mode = "categorical"

Need help to fix the error .

I am running this exact code on the exact same data set, and the training accuracy increases as it should. However, the validation accuracy doesn't really change, but fluctuates at around 0.9 throughout the epochs as shown below.
I have set the correct nb_train_samples and nb_validation_samples. Has anyone encountered the same problem?

Epoch 1/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.8605 - acc: 0.7485 - val_loss: 0.2768 - val_acc: 0.8950
Epoch 2/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 762us/step - loss: 0.3825 - acc: 0.8425 - val_loss: 0.3534 - val_acc: 0.8525
Epoch 3/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 789us/step - loss: 0.3081 - acc: 0.8770 - val_loss: 0.2941 - val_acc: 0.9000
Epoch 4/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 1s 424us/step - loss: 0.2840 - acc: 0.9010 - val_loss: 0.2561 - val_acc: 0.9038
Epoch 5/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 796us/step - loss: 0.2271 - acc: 0.9120 - val_loss: 0.2567 - val_acc: 0.9050
Epoch 6/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 781us/step - loss: 0.1999 - acc: 0.9275 - val_loss: 0.2762 - val_acc: 0.8912
Epoch 7/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 770us/step - loss: 0.1734 - acc: 0.9330 - val_loss: 0.4476 - val_acc: 0.8775
Epoch 8/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 1s 419us/step - loss: 0.1598 - acc: 0.9450 - val_loss: 0.3374 - val_acc: 0.9050
Epoch 9/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 821us/step - loss: 0.1670 - acc: 0.9385 - val_loss: 0.3741 - val_acc: 0.8962
Epoch 10/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 770us/step - loss: 0.1374 - acc: 0.9445 - val_loss: 0.3605 - val_acc: 0.8850
Epoch 11/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 765us/step - loss: 0.1342 - acc: 0.9545 - val_loss: 0.3615 - val_acc: 0.9000
Epoch 12/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 1s 336us/step - loss: 0.1187 - acc: 0.9605 - val_loss: 0.5038 - val_acc: 0.8738
Epoch 13/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 1s 432us/step - loss: 0.0953 - acc: 0.9645 - val_loss: 0.8728 - val_acc: 0.8400
Epoch 14/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 1s 633us/step - loss: 0.0849 - acc: 0.9745 - val_loss: 0.5279 - val_acc: 0.8875
Epoch 15/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 813us/step - loss: 0.0827 - acc: 0.9690 - val_loss: 0.5119 - val_acc: 0.8962
Epoch 16/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 2s 819us/step - loss: 0.0663 - acc: 0.9755 - val_loss: 0.5435 - val_acc: 0.8938
Epoch 17/50
2000/2000 [==============================] - 1s 351us/step - loss: 0.0643 - acc: 0.9770 - val_loss: 0.5382 - val_acc: 0.9025

Hi, I am having dataset of 48 classes with 1000 images in each. With epoch memory in ram is slowly increasing and training is halting when my ram get full. Please help me out.
Thanks in advance.

please help me to rectify this following errors. because i am new to python.
thank you sir/madam

InvalidArgumentError Traceback (most recent call last)
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/ops.py in _create_c_op(graph, node_def, inputs, control_inputs)
1658 try:
-> 1659 c_op = c_api.TF_FinishOperation(op_desc)
1660 except errors.InvalidArgumentError as e:

InvalidArgumentError: Negative dimension size caused by subtracting 2 from 1 for 'max_pooling2d_2/MaxPool' (op: 'MaxPool') with input shapes: [?,1,148,32].

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
2 model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), input_shape=(3, 150, 150)))
3 model.add(Activation('relu'))
----> 4 model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
5
6 model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3)))

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/keras/engine/sequential.py in add(self, layer)
179 self.inputs = network.get_source_inputs(self.outputs[0])
180 elif self.outputs:
--> 181 output_tensor = layer(self.outputs[0])
182 if isinstance(output_tensor, list):
183 raise TypeError('All layers in a Sequential model '

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/keras/engine/base_layer.py in call(self, inputs, **kwargs)
455 # Actually call the layer,
456 # collecting output(s), mask(s), and shape(s).
--> 457 output = self.call(inputs, **kwargs)
458 output_mask = self.compute_mask(inputs, previous_mask)
459

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/keras/layers/pooling.py in call(self, inputs)
203 strides=self.strides,
204 padding=self.padding,
--> 205 data_format=self.data_format)
206 return output
207

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/keras/layers/pooling.py in _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides, padding, data_format)
266 output = K.pool2d(inputs, pool_size, strides,
267 padding, data_format,
--> 268 pool_mode='max')
269 return output
270

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/keras/backend/tensorflow_backend.py in pool2d(x, pool_size, strides, padding, data_format, pool_mode)
3976 x = tf.nn.max_pool(x, pool_size, strides,
3977 padding=padding,
-> 3978 data_format=tf_data_format)
3979 elif pool_mode == 'avg':
3980 x = tf.nn.avg_pool(x, pool_size, strides,

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/nn_ops.py in max_pool(value, ksize, strides, padding, data_format, name)
2746 padding=padding,
2747 data_format=data_format,
-> 2748 name=name)
2749
2750

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/gen_nn_ops.py in max_pool(input, ksize, strides, padding, data_format, name)
5135 _, _, _op = _op_def_lib._apply_op_helper(
5136 "MaxPool", input=input, ksize=ksize, strides=strides, padding=padding,
-> 5137 data_format=data_format, name=name)
5138 _result = _op.outputs[:]
5139 _inputs_flat = _op.inputs

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/op_def_library.py in _apply_op_helper(self, op_type_name, name, **keywords)
786 op = g.create_op(op_type_name, inputs, output_types, name=scope,
787 input_types=input_types, attrs=attr_protos,
--> 788 op_def=op_def)
789 return output_structure, op_def.is_stateful, op
790

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/util/deprecation.py in new_func(*args, **kwargs)
505 'in a future version' if date is None else ('after %s' % date),
506 instructions)
--> 507 return func(*args, **kwargs)
508
509 doc = _add_deprecated_arg_notice_to_docstring(

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/ops.py in create_op(failed resolving arguments)
3298 input_types=input_types,
3299 original_op=self._default_original_op,
-> 3300 op_def=op_def)
3301 self._create_op_helper(ret, compute_device=compute_device)
3302 return ret

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/ops.py in init(self, node_def, g, inputs, output_types, control_inputs, input_types, original_op, op_def)
1821 op_def, inputs, node_def.attr)
1822 self._c_op = _create_c_op(self._graph, node_def, grouped_inputs,
-> 1823 control_input_ops)
1824
1825 # Initialize self._outputs.

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/ops.py in _create_c_op(graph, node_def, inputs, control_inputs)
1660 except errors.InvalidArgumentError as e:
1661 # Convert to ValueError for backwards compatibility.
-> 1662 raise ValueError(str(e))
1663
1664 return c_op

ValueError: Negative dimension size caused by subtracting 2 from 1 for 'max_pooling2d_2/MaxPool' (op: 'MaxPool') with input shapes: [?,1,148,32].

@srikar2097

when change the optimizer to adam , it works fine

Sometimes my accuracy is coming around 90 to 94 % but most of the after running the same code it is coming exact 50%. I don'
t know what i wrong with my code

from keras.applications.vgg19 import VGG19
from keras.preprocessing import image
from keras.applications.vgg19 import preprocess_input
from keras.models import Model
import numpy as np
from keras_preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator, img_to_array,array_to_img, load_img
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.metrics import binary_crossentropy
from keras.layers import Conv2D, Dense, MaxPool2D, Flatten, Activation, Dropout,MaxPooling2D
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
base_model = VGG19(weights='imagenet')
model= Model(input=base_model.input, output=base_model.get_layer('block5_pool').output)
batch_size= 16
train_datagen= ImageDataGenerator(
rescale=1./255,
shear_range = 0.2,
zoom_range = 0.2,
horizontal_flip= True,

)
test_datagen= ImageDataGenerator(
rescale=1./255
)
train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
'/home/kavita/Desktop/vision/datasets/dataset/training_set', # this is the target directory
target_size=(224, 224), # all images will be resized to 150x150
batch_size=batch_size,
class_mode='binary',
shuffle= False)
validation_generator = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(
'/home/kavita/Desktop/vision/datasets/dataset/test_set',
target_size=(224, 224),
batch_size=batch_size,
class_mode='binary',
shuffle= False)
predictvalidation=model.predict_generator(validation_generator,steps= 2000//batch_size)
predicttraining=model.predict_generator(train_generator,steps= 8000//batch_size)
validation_labels = np.array(
[0] * (1000) + [1] * (1000))
training_labels = np.array(
[0] * (4000) + [1] * (4000))
model= Sequential()
model.add(Flatten(input_shape=(7,7,512)))
model.add(Dense(512))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(Dense(256))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(1))
model.add(Activation('sigmoid'))
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
optimizer='rmsprop',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model_history= model.fit(predicttraining, training_labels,
epochs=100,
batch_size=batch_size,
validation_data=(predictvalidation, validation_labels))

I am using this code for classifying ten class of faces using vgg facenet but getting a error can someone help

TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
in
71
72 save_bottlebeck_features()
---> 73 train_top_model()

in train_top_model()
51 train_data = np.load(open('bottleneck_features_train.npy','rb'))
52 train_labels = np.array(
---> 53 [0] * (nb_train_samples / 2) + [1] * (nb_train_samples / 2))
54
55 validation_data = np.load(open('bottleneck_features_validation.npy','rb'))

TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'

I am using this code for classifying ten class of faces using vgg facenet but getting a error can someone help

TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
in
71
72 save_bottlebeck_features()
---> 73 train_top_model()

in train_top_model()
51 train_data = np.load(open('bottleneck_features_train.npy','rb'))
52 train_labels = np.array(
---> 53 [0] * (nb_train_samples / 2) + [1] * (nb_train_samples / 2))
54
55 validation_data = np.load(open('bottleneck_features_validation.npy','rb'))

TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'

problem solved actually I created labels for two classes whereas my model has to clasify among 10 classes, so changed the train_label= np.array([0]*nb_train_samples/10+.......[9]*nb_train_samples/10)

Do we need an equal number of images in each class

Dears @biswagsingh @srikar2097 @drewszurko @aspiringguru
I run this but the network is clearly OVERFITTING. what is your idea to prevent it? I saw some folks said that the way to prevent it is to augment train data or increment train samples or add dropout layer.
I just wanna know what is your idea? did you find a way?

Fine tuned models' Prediction code

This codes were checked by myself. They all worked fine.

1. If someone want to predict image classes in same model script where model were trained, here is the code :

img_width, img_height = 224, 224 
batch_size = 1 

datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1. / 255)

test_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(  
         test_dir,  
         target_size=(img_width, img_height),
         batch_size=batch_size,  
         class_mode=None,  
         shuffle=False)  

test_generator.reset()
   
pred= model.predict_generator(test_generator, steps = no_of_images/batch_size)
predicted_class_indices=np.argmax(pred, axis =1 )
labels = (train_generator.class_indices)
labels = dict((v, k) for k, v in labels.items())
predictions = [labels[k] for k in predicted_class_indices]
print(predicted_class_indices)
print (labels)
print (predictions)

This code is inspired by stack overflow answer. click here

2. If someone want to predict image classes in different script (separate from training script file), here is the code :

from tensorflow.python.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
import json
import os
from tensorflow.keras.models import model_from_json
 
#Just give below lines parameters
best_weights = 'path to .h5 weight file'
model_json = 'path to saved model json file'
test_dir =  'path to test images'

img_width, img_height = 224, 224 
batch_size = 1
nb_img_samples = #no of testing images

with open(model_json, 'r') as json_file:
    json_savedModel= json_file.read()

model = tf.keras.models.model_from_json(json_savedModel)

model.summary()

model.load_weights(best_weights)

datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1. / 255)

test_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(  
         folder_path,  
         target_size=(img_width, img_height),
         batch_size=batch_size,  
         class_mode=None,  
         shuffle=False)  

test_generator.reset()
   
pred= model.predict_generator(test_generator, steps = nb_img_samples/batch_size)
predicted_class_indices=np.argmax(pred,axis=1)
labels = {'cats': 0, 'dogs': 1} #if you have more classes, just add like this in correct order where your training folder order.
labels = dict((v,k) for k,v in labels.items())
predictions = [labels[k] for k in predicted_class_indices]
print(predicted_class_indices)
print (labels)
print (predictions) 

'''

I am using this code for classifying ten class of faces using vgg facenet but getting a error can someone help
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
in
71
72 save_bottlebeck_features()
---> 73 train_top_model()
in train_top_model()
51 train_data = np.load(open('bottleneck_features_train.npy','rb'))
52 train_labels = np.array(
---> 53 [0] * (nb_train_samples / 2) + [1] * (nb_train_samples / 2))
54
55 validation_data = np.load(open('bottleneck_features_validation.npy','rb'))
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'
'''
My solution: you can use '//' instead of '/', the last one would make the result be 'float',while the former one will get the result in 'int' type,which is required by the program.

Do we need an equal number of images in each class

Yes, because if we provide equal no of images then the model would be able to generalize well

Fine tuned models' Prediction code

This codes were checked by myself. They all worked fine.

1. If someone want to predict image classes in same model script where model were trained, here is the code :

img_width, img_height = 224, 224 
batch_size = 1 

datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1. / 255)

test_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(  
         test_dir,  
         target_size=(img_width, img_height),
         batch_size=batch_size,  
         class_mode=None,  
         shuffle=False)  

test_generator.reset()
   
pred= model.predict_generator(test_generator, steps = no_of_images/batch_size)
predicted_class_indices=np.argmax(pred, axis =1 )
labels = (train_generator.class_indices)
labels = dict((v, k) for k, v in labels.items())
predictions = [labels[k] for k in predicted_class_indices]
print(predicted_class_indices)
print (labels)
print (predictions)

This code is inspired by stack overflow answer. click here

2. If someone want to predict image classes in different script (separate from training script file), here is the code :

from tensorflow.python.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
import json
import os
from tensorflow.keras.models import model_from_json
 
#Just give below lines parameters
best_weights = 'path to .h5 weight file'
model_json = 'path to saved model json file'
test_dir =  'path to test images'

img_width, img_height = 224, 224 
batch_size = 1
nb_img_samples = #no of testing images

with open(model_json, 'r') as json_file:
    json_savedModel= json_file.read()

model = tf.keras.models.model_from_json(json_savedModel)

model.summary()

model.load_weights(best_weights)

datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1. / 255)

test_generator = datagen.flow_from_directory(  
         folder_path,  
         target_size=(img_width, img_height),
         batch_size=batch_size,  
         class_mode=None,  
         shuffle=False)  

test_generator.reset()
   
pred= model.predict_generator(test_generator, steps = nb_img_samples/batch_size)
predicted_class_indices=np.argmax(pred,axis=1)
labels = {'cats': 0, 'dogs': 1} #if you have more classes, just add like this in correct order where your training folder order.
labels = dict((v,k) for k,v in labels.items())
predictions = [labels[k] for k in predicted_class_indices]
print(predicted_class_indices)
print (labels)
print (predictions) 

please help me, I got this error when running that codes, I want to predict image classes in same model script